332 Philip Ainsworth Means, 



Sillustani, on the west of the northern end of Lake Titicaca, at 

 Kalaki on the eastern shore, and at Coni and Curahuara far to 

 the south-east of the Lake.^" It will be seen that this type of 

 chulpa was built over a wide area. Speaking in general terms, 

 it is a round stone tower which is smaller at the bottom than at 

 the top. The stones are uncut, and had some binding material. 

 In some cases the roof is flat ; in others it is a truncated cone. 

 Stone was the sole material. The edifices of this type belong to 

 the fourth period of Posnansky's culture-sequence. He calls it 

 the "epoch of edifices of adobe and pirca (uncut stone). "^^ 

 This reckoning would place the style just prior to Inca times. 

 The second type was, in outline, the same as the first. It tended, 

 however, to be larger, and the stone was carefully cut so as to 

 make a beautifully built wall. Sillustani, Coni and Kalaki are 

 the chief sites for this type. The third and final type was some- 

 what the same as type two in regard to the material, but it dif- 

 fered from the other two in being rectangular in plan and very 

 large, sometimes as much as thirty feet in height.-- Unlike the 

 other two types, which had but one interior chamber, this third 

 type sometimes had two chambers, one above the other. It is to 

 be noted that this type is the only one which occurs outside the 

 Titicaca drainage. There is an interesting example of it at 

 Palca, not far from Tacna in northern Chile.-^ 



The question of who the CoUas really were is a complex and 



^^ Bandelier, 1910, pp. 243 ff., 1910, p. 186; von Tschudi, 1868, V, 

 pp. 202 ff. 



^^ Posnansky, 1911b, p. 17. 



" Squier, 1877, pp. 352 ff., 372 ff. 



^ Squier, 1877, pp. 242 ff. 



The whole question of the distribution of the chulpa-type of building 

 is a. highly important one, in all probability. The type has prototj'pes 

 over a very large area. The writer has found it in the region of OUan- 

 taytambo. It exists in the neighborhood of Oroya (see Dr. William C. 

 Farrabee's photographs in the Peabody Museum) and something strik- 

 ingly like it is found at Cuelap and other sites in the region of Chacha- 

 poyas. (Bandelier, 1907.) Again, in the district of Huarochiri, buildings 

 of the chulpa type are found in the middle portion of Peru and fairly 

 near the coast. (Hrdlicka, 1914, Plates 3 and 4.) At present the evidence 

 is rather tantalizing than illuminating. One can only say that over this 

 wide area there seems to have been a material culture of the same 

 general level as that of the CoUa in immediately pre-Inca times. 



