232 Alexander Petrunkevitch, Ph.D., 



into the mouth. Similarly the secretion of the gastric juice is 

 induced hy a psychic condition hefore food is taken into the 

 mouth. If, unknown to the animal, solid food is introduced 

 directly into the stomach through the fistula, no secretion of 

 gastric juice takes place for at least an hour. ^Mechanical stimu- 

 lation is ineffective. 



Studying" the chemical phenomena of digestion Pavlov used 

 another remarkable operation consisting in the artificial produc- 

 tion of an accessory miniature stomach connected with, yet 

 separate from the main one. The action of the vagus nerve 

 which conveys the excitation to the glands of the stomach was 

 excluded by a division of this nerve. Thus Pavlov was able to 

 show that meat juice and beef extract cause secretion while no 

 secretion of gastric juice follows the introduction of eggwhite, 

 fat, or starch into the stomach. 



Wladimir Mikhailovitch Bekhterev, born in 1857, is an alienist 

 by profession. As such, he has had a great deal to do with 

 normal and pathological functions of the nervous system. His 

 Avorks embrace a wide range of subjects from the anatomy of the 

 nervous system to the psychopathy and its relation to responsi- 

 bility before the law. He wrote on the physiology of the central 

 nervous system, especially on the localization of tactile and pain 

 centers in the brain. In 1884 he published an interesting paper 

 on the formation of our conception of space. Induced by special 

 circumstances he has also made a psychological and ethnograph- 

 ical investigation of the seniibarbaric Votyaks and published a 

 paper on their history and present status. 



]\rany w^ere the Russian workers in botany and there is scarcely 

 a branch of this science that has not been made subject of thor- 

 ough investigation. Nicolai Ivanovitch Annenkoff, born in 1819, 

 was the first student of the local flora. To his patient work in 

 this field is due our knowledge of it. He prepared the celebrated 

 herbarium kei)t in the botanical Museum of Moscow University. 

 He wrote the "Flora Mosciuensis Exsiccata," and later in 1859. 

 the "Botanical Dictionary," which is a most valuable reference 

 book. His successor in the field of systematics was Nicolai 

 Nicolaevitch Kaufman, born in 1834, whose "Moscow Flora" 

 reprinted many times plays in Russia the role of Gray's Manual 

 and is in the hands of every student of flowering plants. Lev 



