Russia's Contribution to Science. 237 



right and a low left shore," in which he established the law of 

 meridional deviation of rivers usually known as Baer's Law. 



Johann Friedrich, or better Fedor Fedorovitch Brandt, born 

 in Germany in 1802. was called to Russia in 1831 and became 

 director of the Zoological Museum of the St. Petersburg Acad- 

 emy. During the forty-eight years of his life in Russia he wrote 

 a number of papers in Latin and German on the subject of syste- 

 matics, anatomy, paleontology and geographical distribution. 

 His son Alexander Fedorovitch Brandt, born in St. Petersburg in 

 1844 and for years professor of zoology at the University of 

 Kharkov, is known for his work on the Anatomy of Inverte- 

 brates and especially on the structure of the reproductive system 

 in insects as well as the development of round worms. 



The problems of anatomy have occupied and are still occupying 

 the attention of many investigators. Such men as Kowalewsky, 

 Metchnikov, Salensky, Bobretzky, Korotnefif, Tikhomirov, Zograf , 

 Kulagin. Schimkevitch, Cholodkowsky. Schewiakow, W. Wagner, 

 Kojevnikov and others have published papers on the one or the 

 other invertebrate group, and Menzbir, KoltzofT, Ivantzoff, Nas- 

 sonow, .Sushkin on the anatomy of vertebrates. The subject, 

 however, does not lend itself easily to a general account and I 

 shall merely remind the reader of the interesting descriptions of 

 the two creatures forming a transitional stage between the comb- 

 jellyfish and the flat worms. One of these papers was written 

 in Russian b}^ A. Kowalewsky and is entitled "Coeloplana Mets- 

 chnikowii," and has been published in the Proceedings of the 

 Society of Friends of Natural Science in Moscow, in 1882 (a 

 preliminary account was published by Kowalewsky in German in 

 1880). The other belongs to A. KorotneiT, is entitled "Cteno- 

 plana Kowalewskii," and was pul:)lished in German, in the 

 Z. f. W. Z. in 1886. Of great interest is also the work of Knipo- 

 witsch on the strange group of Ascothoracida among the Cirri- 

 pedia. 



Microscopic anatomy and histology have also been made sub- 

 jects of extensive studies. The microscopic structure of inverte- 

 brates is generally treated by zoologists, but what is known as the 

 department of histology in Russia has to deal almost exclusively 

 with vertebrates. Here the names of Owsjannikov and Law- 

 dovsky are first to claim our attention, especially because of their 

 remarkable textbook "^Microscopic Anatomy of Man and Ani- 



