238 Alexander Petrunkevitch, Ph.D., 



mals," pul)lishecl in two large volumes in 1887-8 in cooperation 

 with Dogiel, Erlitzky, Peremeschko, and Stieda, all of whom 

 were at that time professors in various Russian universities 

 (Stieda was professor at Dorpat). I also wish to mention the 

 excellent textbook in cytology written by Ogneff, and published 

 in 1903. 



The study of systematics, zoogeography, and local faunas was 

 continued uninterruptedly since the first works of Pallas. The 

 museums in Petrograd, Moscow and other universities were 

 enriched by numerous collections (of special interest is the Equus 

 Przewalskii). Articles treating special groups of animals are 

 found in all Russian periodicals. The study of fishes was always 

 popular in Russia. We find the excellent monograph on the 

 "Bieluga" written by SabaneefT in 1871 and his "Fishes of 

 Russia" published in 1875. In more recent years my classmate 

 Berg has distinguished himself as student of Russian and Asiatic 

 fishes. Of the books on Russian birds I should like to mention 

 only the classical two volumes by Menzbir which embody all our 

 knowledge of the life and system of that group, and the books of 

 Modest Bogdanoff. 



The impetus given by Baer through his discovery of the 

 germlayers, directed the attention of zoologists toward the prob- 

 lems of embryology. Here the names of IMetchnikoff and 

 Kowalewsky occupy quite an enviable position. Alexander Onu- 

 f rievitch Kowalewsky was born in 1840 and at first studied engi- 

 neering.' His first work in embryology, published in 1865. on the 

 "History of Development of Amphioxus lanceolatus" at once 

 placed him in the ranks of distinguished investigators. Equally 

 fine was his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Zoology. "On the 

 Development of Phoronis," published in 1867. In the next year 

 Kowalewsky was called to the chair of zoology at Kazan, a year 

 later to Kiev. The year after he undertook a scientific journey to 

 the Red Sea and Algiers. Returning, he was appointed professor 

 at the University of Novorossijsk and in 1890 member of the 

 St. Petersburg Academy and in 1891 professor of histology at 

 the University of St. Petersburg. His investigations cover 

 almost the entire field of invertebrate embryology and in view of 

 their importance it would be almost impossible to poiiU out any 

 title in preference to others. We may, however, mention his 

 "Embryology^ of .Simple Ascidians," pulilishcd in 1866, an e]>OL'h- 



