240 Alexander Petrunkevitch, Ph.D., 



of which was puhhshed later in Russian journals. The wife of 

 Fedchenko continued his studies in plants and pul)lished numer- 

 ous papers of a taxonomic and phytogeographic character. 



I have already mentioned the discovery of psedogenesis by 

 Nikolai Petrovitch Wagner in 1861, such a startling discovery at 

 the time that von Siebold refused to print the paper until the 

 German zoologist Pagenstecher two years later made a similar 

 observation. But Wagner's paper was meanwhile printed in 

 Russian and received a prize. 



The discovery of artificial parthenogenesis was also made for 

 the first time by a Russian, my teacher Alexander Andreevitch 

 Tikhomirof, in 1881, on the eggs of Bombyx mori, the silkworm. 

 To him belongs also the best monograph on this insect, unfor- 

 tunately unknown to foreigners because written in Russian, in 

 1882, and he was the first to introduce Scorcionera as food-plant 

 for silkworms instead of the mulberry which cannot grow in the 

 far north. By this substitution of food Tikhomirov made sericul- 

 ture possible in North Russia and Finland. In 1887 he published, 

 also in Russian, an interesting investigation in the development of 

 Hydrozoa. A man of extraordinary education and wide knowl- 

 edge, Tikhomirov was unfortunately misled by ambition, diverted 

 his activities into administrative channels and cast a shadow on 

 his name as investigator through his cooperation with the secret 

 service while Acting President of the University of Moscow. 

 But the little that he published will endure and is to the credit of 

 Russian science. 



Salensky, Korotnefl:', Cholodkovsky and Schimkevitch as well 

 as others have contributed to our knowledge of the development 

 of various animals. The anatomy and development of spiders, 

 for example, was for a long time almost entirely based on the 

 studies of Schimkevitch and his "Text-book of Comparative 

 Anatomy" has been translated into German. Cholodkovsky was 

 the first to elucidate the complicated life history of Scale-Insects 

 in a series of articles. 



A host of younger scientists were engaged in research in their 

 respective sciences when the world war claimed the attention of 

 all patriotic men. As I have explained before, in Russia, men 

 espousing an academic career were exempt from service and 

 therefore did not, in the majority of cases, receive any military 



