The RJictorlca of Philodemus. 257 



But in the absence of definite proof it is perhaps safe to say 

 that Zeno used the word in the same general sense as Metro- 

 dorus. but with greater precision. -° 



This pecuHar use of o-oc^io-tt;? and the theory of the artistic 

 nature of o-o<^to-TiK»; colors the whole of Philodemus' argument, 

 and should be kept in mind in reading the following pages. It 

 may not be amiss to discuss at this point some other words which 

 are used in peculiar senses by Philodemus, and which require 

 some comment if the translation is not to be misunderstood. 

 Te'xvT? is (i) an art, craft or profession, or (2) the formal state- 

 ment of the principles of the same, i. e., a manual or handbook. 

 The English would undoubtedly be better if I had varied my 

 translation between craft and profession, but where so much of 

 the argument depends on the meaning of this one word I have 

 thought it best to have a uniform translation at the cost of a 

 certain artificiality of expression. It was almost imperative, 

 also, to use a word which would permit of a derivative denoting 

 agent, for Ttxvirrj'i is used constantly of one who has mastered a 

 Te'xvTy. "Art" and "Artist" give the necessary pair in English, 

 and if it is borne in mind that in this work "art" means any 

 activity or occupation which is reducible to rule, and "artist" 

 anyone who pursues such an occupation, no confusion will 

 result.-^ The opposite of TexviVr/s is arcx^os which I have rendered 



"° See the discussion in Korte. IMetrodori Epicurei Fragmenta, Jahrb. f. 

 cl. Phil. Suppl. XVII (1890), p. 552 ff. 



"^ The history of rix^-q and 'art' and their derivatives affords interesting 

 parallels. 'Art' in its largest meaning in English has nearly as extensive 

 a semantic area as t^x"'/ in Greek; "profession" which is included under 

 rixv-n is not wholly included under art in English; e. g. medicine is either 

 an art or a profession, but the ministry is not an art. Artist and rexvlr-qs, 

 theoretically equivalent, have both undergone a narrowing process ; 

 rexvlTTis came to mean an actor, while artist suggests primarily a painter. 

 Both became terms of compliment, and both were extended to cover fields 

 of activity which caused the more respectable artists to blush at the 

 misuse of the word. A passage from R. G. White, Words and their Uses, 

 forms an interesting parallel to some words of Philodemus, "Artist has 

 been beaten out so thin that it covers almost the whole field of human 

 endeavor ... A cook is an artist; so is a barber; and Goldsmith 

 soberly calls a cobbler an artist." Philodemus I, 59, 19 = Suppl. 30, 7 

 Ta 5' e/c TrapaTTjp'qaeojs /cat Tiros iffTopias avvrjcFKruxiva t^x''"-^ V <Tvvqdei.a tC}v 'EKk-qvwv 

 ov wdvv Ti TTpoaayopevei Kara rbv Kvpiov rpbirov d\\ eaTiv ore KaTaxpoip-ivrj, Kaddwep 

 fviore Kai toi)s if to?s 6avp.a.cnv avvrbvovs Tex'vlTa^ KoKel Kal to de^iws ^v\a (Tx^trat Kal 



