258 Harry M. Huhhell, Ph.D., 



by "layman." As the opposition is almost always between the 

 trained speaker or lawyer, and one not so trained, this use of the 

 word will be natural enough to English readers. 'ETrio-rry/Ar; is 

 used at times in the same sense as T^xvrj. At other times there is 

 the usual distinction between art and science, a distinction which 

 is emphasized by the use of adjectives; Tix^r] (TToxaa-TiKrj is op- 

 posed to eTnaTrjixrj Trayios or eaTrjKvla. I do not recall seeing rexyrj 



TTttyiOS. 



'PyJTwp and its derivatives form another group that is puzzling 

 to the translator. The start can be made with prjTopLKrj for which 

 the time-honored translation "rhetoric" must almost necessarily 

 be used. But pr/rwp causes trouble. As vised by Philodemus it 

 shifts from orator to teacher of rhetoric, though for the latter 

 he sometimes uses prjTopiKos, and one's first impulse is to vary 

 the translation to suit the shift in meaning. But a twofold 

 objection arises : the word "orator" does not cover the same 

 semantic area as p-jrwp, even if we exclude from the latter word 

 the meaning "professional teacher of speaking." With us 

 "orator" means either a person chosen to speak on a definite 

 occasion as in the phrase "orator of the day" in which case it is 

 equivalent to speaker, or a person gifted in speech, as "he was 

 a natural orator." There is nothing in either case to indicate 

 that speaking is the man's habitual occupation. The Greek 

 pr]Tope<i, however, formed a distinct profession ; it covered the 

 field which to-day forms part of the fields of the lawyer, the 

 preacher, the statesman and the public lecturer. Manifestly 

 "orator" fails to cover the semantic area of prjrwp. A second 

 reason is that in Philodemus there is a constant play between 

 prJTwp and prjTopLKr]'— which depends for its point entirely on 

 etymology, and this is lost if we translate by "orator" and "rhe- 

 toric." I have therefore translated p-qroip throughout as "rhetor," 

 preferring the awkwardness of using a word hardly acclimated in 

 English to the loss of the point of many of Philodemus' sentences. 

 prfTopLKo^ I render by "rhetorician" in the sense of teacher of 

 rhetoric. 



ffvvOfivai Kal iveSpevcral riva irovqpQis Tt^viKhv X^yei Kai t^x''"'^ '''^^ ^^ '^"■^^ KWfiifiSiais 

 Kai irav t6 rovTOLi irapairXiiaiov. Kai iiy)v tiJj koi irapar'^prjffiv Kal 6.aKricnv r^x""'!" 

 irpoffayopeveiv to, wXeiffra tCjv iv tQ jilcp t^x""'^ wpocr ay opeijovres ovk &v (pddvoi/jiev, 



" See II, 215, col. XI for a case of the double meaning of p-^rwp which 

 is easily lost in translation. 



i 



