Russia's Contribution to Science. 221 



versities continued their work in science. Every university has 

 its own pubHcations in the shape of transactions or proceedings, 

 or of similar publications of societies organized by the univer- 

 sities. Especially well known are the publications of the St. 

 Petersburg Mineralogical Society, of the St. Petersburg Society 

 of Naturalists, of the Moscow Society of Naturalists and of the 

 Moscow Friends of Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Ethnog- 

 raphy. But, other publications, such as the Proceedings of the 

 Society of Naturalists of Kazan, founded in 1869, and those of 

 the corresponding society of Kiev, also founded in 1869, and of 

 Kharkov contain many valuable and important articles. Men 

 who studied at universities but who were forced by circumstances 

 to live in cities which had no university or other higher educa- 

 tional institution, founded small scientific societies, little local 

 museums, as the Society of Naturalists in Ecaterinburg, which 

 publishes its own proceedings, anothe,r similar society in Saratov, 

 again one in Tiflis, an anthropological and ethnographical 

 museum in Twer and so on. The foreigners can have scarcely 

 any idea as to how much all these publications contain of material 

 referring to local fauna, local flora, local ethnography, etc. The 

 various Governmental Departments have been also publishing 

 many important contributions to our knowledge both in pure and 

 applied sciences, geological, mineralogical, entomological investi- 

 gations. Reviews of Russian contributions to the various 

 branches of science have been printed from time to time, such as 

 Anatoli Bogdanoff's "Materials for the History of Pure and 

 Applied Zoology and of Allied Branches of Knowledge in Russia," 

 1850; Sabaneefif's "List of books and papers on hunting and 

 nature study," 1883; G. A. Kojewnikoff's "Reports about Rus- 

 sian Zoological Literature." 1893. etc.. but the special work 

 which was in preparation when the revolution disrupted all uni- 

 versity work in Russia and which was to embrace all branches 

 of science in a way similar to the volume dealing with human- 

 istic sciences, has been interrupted by the upheaval and may have 

 been lost. 



The physical conditions of the country, the climate, the his- 

 torical development, the political oppression, the economic back- 

 wardness, the general stagnation and hopelessness of life have 

 moulded the Russian national character to a form differing from 

 that of other nationalities. And as the Frenchman is dififerent 



