104 NORTHERN PAL.EA.KCTIC BULLFINCHES. 



It may thus be regarded as fairly proven, that the suspicious of 

 Dresser (B. of Ear., IV, p. 100), and Cabanis and Dybowski (J. f, Orn., 

 ISTi, p. 40), were well founded, and the uaine giveu by Professor Baird 

 in 18G9 will conseqaefii^j' t-^ke the precedence over that bestowed upon 

 the species by Professor Cabanis three years later. The following syn- 

 onym will be found to contain most of the important references. 



Pyrrhula cassini (Baird). 



1826. — Pyrrhula ruhkilla Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. As., II, p. 7 ( $ part.). 



1869. — Pyrrhula coccinea var. cassini Baird, Tiaua. Chicag. Acad., I, 18G9 (p. :51G). — 

 Dall & Banxist., Tr. Chic. Ac, I, 1869, p. 281. 



1&7 1.— Pyrrhula cassini Tristram, Ibis, 1871, p. 231.— Finsch, Abb. Ver. Bremen, III, 

 1872, p. 54.— Taczax., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 95.— Caban., J. f. Orn., 1873, p. 

 315.— B. Br. & RiDGW., H. N. Am. B., I, p. 457 ( 1874).— Dybow., J. f. Orn., 

 1874, p. 39.— Dresser, B. of Eur., IV, p. 100 (1870). 



1872. — Pyrrhula cineracca Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn., 1872, p. 31(J.— /(?., ibid., 1873, p. 314. 

 —Id, ibid., 1877, p. 223.— Dybow., J. f. Orn., 1874, p. 40.— Severzow, J. f. 

 Orn., 1875, p. 173.— Taczan., J. f. Orn., 1875, p. 254.— /</., ibid., 1881, p. 185.— 

 /rf.,Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 183.— /rf., i^^fcL, 1880 (p. 138).— Dres- 

 ser, B. of Eur., IV, p. 100 (part) (1876).— Homeyer, J. f. Orn., 1879, p. 

 178.— Stejneger, N. Mag. Naturv., 1881, p. 115.— Bolau, J. f. Orn., 1882, 

 p. 334. 



figures. 



Trans. Chicag. Acad., I, 1869, ]>l. xsix, fig. 1. 



J. f. Orn., 1874, pi. i. 



Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Hist. N. Am. B., I, pi. xxiii, fig. 11 (1874). 



For completeness' sake I add below the synonyms of the other spe- 

 cies inhabiting the Northern Paluearctic Eegion, the geographical dis- 

 tribution of which is very curious. 



In the western portions of Central and Southern Europe the smaller 

 form of the Red-breasted Bulltinch is the breeding bird, while the true 

 Pyrrhula pyrrhula is more northern and eastern. The former is very 

 seldom found within the breeding territory of the latter, although I 

 shot a specimen in Western Norway (now in the University Museum 

 in Christiania, Norway), while the large form, in winter, invades the 

 region occupied by P. europwa. P. pyrrhula seems to go as far east as 

 Transbaicalia, to the river Ouon, east of Lake Baikal, Eastern Siberia, 

 where its place is occupied by P. cassini {cineracea), in which the male 

 is entirely gray without any trace of red. How far east and north this 

 species reaches is not known,* but it is not improbable that it has a 

 range somewhat resembling that of Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe. Nor 

 is the north-eastern limit of P. pyrrhula known 5 all we can sa}' is, that 



* Dresser states that he has examined a specimen of P. major I P. pyrrhula'] from 

 Ussnri, collected by Dybowski. This is probably the same one referred to by Tac- 

 zanowski, Journ. f. Orn., 1875, p. 254, and may be an accidental visitor only (cf. also 

 Ibis, 1874, p. 463). Both species occur in Kultuk, Darasun, and Dauria. According 

 to Severzow P. cineracea [cassini] occurs as far west as Turkestan, and Mr. Seebohm 

 kindly informs me that he has specimens from the Altai Mountains and Krasnoyarsk. 



