No. 4. CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 195 



out of account, we find in north-eastern Asia an extensive group 

 of languages spoken by the peoples whom Dr. Latham has classed 

 as Peninsular Mono-olidge, languages that in all their leadingi; 

 features are Turanian. Such are the Koriak-Tchucktchi, the 

 Kamtchatdale, Corean, Aino and Japanese, concerning which Dr. 

 Latham says : " they have a general glossarial connection with 

 each other ; the grammatical structure of only one of them, the 

 Japanese, being known." He also adds : '' What applies to the 

 language of the Peninsular tribes applies to their physical appear- 

 ance also." 



It being granted that the L'oquois, Dacotahs and Choctaws 

 are Turanian, to which of the Turanian classes, Finnic, Turkic, 

 Mongolic, Tungusic, Dravidian, or Peninsular, do they belong ? 

 Were they very ancient peoples like the Peruvians, grammar 

 could liOt settle the question, owing to changes that have taken 

 place in the systems of some Turanian languages. These changes 

 principally affect the pronoun. Thus Dr. Edkins points out the 

 fact that in the Mongol class alone the Buriat renders "I kill " 

 by cdana-p^ while with the Eastern Mongol it is hi-alana ; the 

 pronoun being in the one case terminal, in the other a prefix. 

 Dr. Edkins regards the latter as the older form, but, apart from 

 the analogous case presented in a comparison of the Latin with 

 its modern representatives, the occurrence of the alana-p form 

 in the ancient dialects of Peru seems to give it the prior claim 

 to antiquity. Now the Iroquois, Dacotah and Choctaw systems 

 prefix the personal pronouns. In the Finnic, Turkic and Dra- 

 vidian Turanian classes the pronoun is terminal, as in the Quichua 

 of Peru. In some of the Mongol dialects, in the Tungusic and 

 Peninsular classes, the pronoun occupies the same initial position 

 as in the North American languacjes of Turanian origin. But 

 Dr. Latham says " in his most typical form the American Indian 

 is not Mongol in physiognomy"; and certainly none of the tribes 

 we are now considering have anything in common with the Tun- 

 gus, apart from a common grammatical system. Once more I 

 quote Dr. Latham : " In the opinion of the present writer, the 

 Peninsular languages agree in the general fact of being more 

 closely akin to those of America than any other." Many writers 

 on the Tchuktchi-Koriaks of the Peninsular area have com- 

 pared them with American tribes, such as Von Matiushkin, who 

 says : " They are distinguished from the other Asiatic races by 

 their nature and physiognomy, which appears to me to resemble 



