No. 4. CAMPBELL — AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES. 209 



Muyscas, concerning which Dr. Hawks, in his Narrative of 

 Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan, says, alluding to the 

 Japanese system : " We cannot leave it without the remark that 

 on a comparison of it with that of the Muiscas, an ancient, semi- 

 civilized and now extinct race that once inhabited the plains of 

 Bogota in New Granada, the resemblances were so striking that 

 they produced on our mind a conviction that the astronomical 

 systems of the two peoples were substantially the same." There 

 can be no doubt that the ancient civilization of Peru was that of 

 Japan, and that the connecting links between the two countries 

 are to be found in the mysterious mounds that mark the line of 

 Peninsular migration in America. In confirmation of this I may 

 state that Mr. Donald of this Society has recently called my 

 attention to the fact that similar mounds have lately been dis- 

 covered in Japan. Physically, so far as we have the means of 

 judging, there seems to have been little in common between the 

 Peruvians and the North American Turanians, and the skull of 

 the former has been shown by Dr. Daniel Wilson of Toronto and 

 other crauiologists to be almost without parallel for smallness of 

 capacity, a peculiarity that links it in some degree with that of 

 the Kentucky mound-builders. But language in such a case 

 must be our main test of relationship. In regard to grammatical 

 forms, we find that the Peruvian languages employ post-positions, 

 and that they place the possessive before its governing noun and 

 the accusative before the verb, thus ao-reeino; with all the Ian- 

 guages that have so far occupied our attention. The Quichua 

 has been said to differ from other American tongues in the pos- 

 session of a full declension of the noun, but the same may be 

 found in the Japanese and all its related languages, if we regard 

 the postposition as inseparable from its regimen. The Quichua 

 case terminations are simply cohering post-positions. The Aymara 

 genitive answers perfectly to that of the Loo Choo, as in " the 

 man's head," which is chacha-na-ppehei in the former, and 

 ickeega-noo-hosi in the latter. In the Peruvian dialects, how- 

 ever, the place of the pronoun is terminal instead of initial as in 

 the Japanese, so that the Quichua verb, as the Rev. Richard 

 Garnett has shewn, corresponds with the Dravidian and thus 

 with the Finnic and Turkic in its order of verbal root, temporal 

 index and pronominal suffix. The Peruvians, therefore, must 

 have separated from the Peninsular stem when the verb in the 

 Japanese and its allied languages was still in the Ural-Altaic 

 YoL. IX. o No. 4. 



