No. 5.] CAMPBELL — HITTITES IN AMERICA. 283 



of the Basque, has led many writers to compare that language 

 with the forms of speech on this continent. The Rev. Professor 

 Sayce once held a connection or relationship of the Accad with, 

 the Basque, but informs me that he has since changed his 

 opinion. Now the Basque I hold to represent the Khita as dis- 

 tinguished from the Sumerian, just as Berber and Celtic repre- 

 sent the Sumerian as distinguished from the Khita. The Accad 

 contains both these elements in combination, so that it would be 

 vain to look for perfect agreement between it on the one hand 

 and any purely Sumerian or Khita language on the other. 

 There are many Accad words in Basque, but the vocabulary as 

 a whole is far less Celtic or Sumerian than that of the Accad. 



My grounds for asserting that the Basques are Khita are 

 based on facts in mythological and tribal nomenclature. The 

 great god of the pagan Basques was Haitor, and this name^ 

 taken in connection with the geographical and tribal terms As- 

 tura and Astures, recalls Ashtar, the god of the Khita. From 

 the annals of Shalmanezer and other Assyrian monarchs we 

 learn of the existence of a state or states called Khupuskai or 

 Hupuscia situated in the country of the later Nairi, who are 

 generally supposed to be Hittites. While one of these is said to 

 have been in the neighbourhood of Armenia, the other, as adjoin- 

 ing Gozan or Gauzauitis, must have been the region of which 

 Thapsacus was the centre. Indeed Thapsacus, the root of which 

 is Pasach or Psach, is of the same origin etymologically as Khu- 

 puskai, and the two forms were probably used indifferently to 

 denote the same place, the Th of the one and the Kh of the 

 other being mere locative prefixes. That Hupuscia had Accad 

 relations is manifest from the appearance of a god Hubisega who 

 occupied an important place in the Accad pantheon, being,- 

 according to Professor Sayce, the analogue of the x\ssyrian Bel. 

 Now one of the Basque provinces is Guipuzcoa, a name suspi- 

 ciously like Khupuskai, and Pasach, the name of the tribe who 

 dwelt in Khu-Pasach or Tha-Pasach, the abode or town of the 

 Pasach, is identical with the word Basque. The Basques also 

 call themselves Euskara, a form that will meet us again in tracing 

 the migrations of the Hittite stock. Some of the Armenian 

 Khupuskai seem to have taken refuge in the Caucasus, for 

 there, among the Circassians proper, we find the Schapsuch and 

 Abasech, the ancient Abasci of Iscouria or Dioscurias, and the 



