No. 6.] CAMPBELL HITTITES IN AMERICA. 363 



by tail. If x\shtar and Yasha can become Athtar and Yatha, 

 Jokshan may certainly be changed to Joktan. These Jokshanites 

 seem to have been driven by the Homerita3 into Ethiopia, where 

 they founded the kingdom of Axum, and were known to the 

 ancient geographers as the Auxumitae or Hexumitae, still retain- 

 ing the rite of circumcision and manifesting the same hostility 

 towards the Homeritae that characterized them in Yemen. 

 Beins: allowed to oive their own version of their name instead of 

 Himyaritic, the Kahtan disappears and is replaced by Jokshan, 

 which Grreek travellers hellenized into Auxum. These Jokshan- 

 ites, with Zimrites or Himyarites, made their way across the 

 African continent, for the traditions of Bornou ascribe the foun- 

 dation of its ancient kingdom to the Himyarites of Arabia ; 

 and, adjoining Bornou, lies the state of Kashna or Katsena, 

 which, more perfectly than the Kahtan of the Arabs, preserves, 

 the name of the second son of Keturah. The Ian2:ua2;e of Kashna 

 is that of Haussa, which I have already associated with the 

 Khita-Sumerian confederacy. Leo Africanus informs us that 

 the Berbers were generally thought to be the descendants of 

 the Sabeans, and Alexander Polyhistor, quoted by Josephus, 

 tells the same story. There are many other authorities that 

 might be quoted, did space permit, to the same effect. To link 

 them with the Sumerians of Babylonia is an easy task. Sir 

 Henry Rawliuson gives many proofs for an early connection of 

 the Lower Euphrates with the people of Southern Arabia, and 

 speaks of a brick from Hymar. a suburb of Babylon, as the only 

 probable relic of the Arabian dynasty of Berosus, which Mr. 

 Baldwin holds to be the same as the Median dynasty of that 

 author, the word Madian or Midiauite replacing the term Me- 

 dian. These Arabians, the leader of whom, according to the 

 late George Smith, was Hammurabi, who built a city at Hymar, 

 must have been the Homeritae, Himyarites, Zimri or Sumerians, 

 a Semito-Celtic people, and the constant allies of the Turanian 

 Khita. The gods of Yemen were those of Babylonia. It is 

 also worthy of note that Merodach, the name of a god introduced 

 by Hammurabi and generally associated with Babylonian mon- 

 archy, enters as a constituent into the title of a king of the 

 Zimri, MerodachMudammik. Samarcand was supposed by 

 many Arabian historians to have been the seat of Arabian 

 (Himyaritic) mouarchs, and Humboldt favoured their view. 

 It was no doubt a stage in the eastward journeyings of the 



