BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 



Anomalogonatous " nonpasserine Inrds with deep plantar tendons 

 of types I, V, Vft, \h, VI, VII, or VIII, or else palate desmognathons, or 

 schizognathous in combination with raptorial feet (Striges) (saurog- 

 nathous? in Pici), bronchial syrinx (Caprimulgi), or with not more 

 than seven secondaries (Trochili), or a^githognathous in combination 

 with short triangular bill, fissirostral gape, and ten greatly elongated 

 primaries (Micropodii) or pointed manubrial process and forked 

 vomer (Capitones, part); feet synpelmous, desmopelmous, hetero- 

 pelmous, or antiopelmous, or if schizopelmous (Upupa?), the palate 

 desmognathons; basipterygoid processes absent or present (rudi- 

 mentary?); cervical vertebras 13-15; nasals usually holorhinai. 



KEY TO THE SUBORDERS OF CORACIIFORMES. 



a. Feet neither desmopelmous nor ra]iturial (the flexor tendons never of type I); 

 coracoids not connected; hypotarsus complex (except in Macrochires) ; myo- 

 logical formula with X (except in Macrochires); only one carotid (except in 

 Superfamily Gai)rimulgi ) ; cteca (if present) short, usually absent; syrinx 

 tracheo-bronchial (except in Caprimulgi); attershaft present (sometimes rudi- 

 mentary inJCaprimulgi and Pici); young gymnopaxlic (except in Nycticoracite). 

 b. Myological formula without X (i. e., A); hypotarsus simple; spiua interna 



present Macrochires (p. 298) 



bb. Myological formula with X; hypotarsus complex; spina interna absent. 

 c. Not synpelmous. 

 d. Not schizopelmous; dorsal pteryla not forked between shoulders. 

 e. Heteropelmous; feet heterodactylous, the flexor tendons of type VIII. 



Heterodactylse (p. 729). 

 €€. Antiopelmous; feet zygodactylous, the flexor tendons of type VI. 



Zygodactylse (to be included in Part VI ^. 

 dd. Schizopelmous; dorsal pteryla forked between shoulders. 



Upupae (extralimital).f> 

 cc. Synpelmous. 



d. Dorsal pteryla not forked between shoulders. 

 e. Feet anisodactylous Anisodactylse ( to ])e included in Part VI). 



o Anomalogonatous birds are those which lack the ambiens muscle. Besides the 

 Coraciiformes, the Passeriformes also are anomalogonatous, all other birds, according 

 to Garrod (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1874, llG-118), being homalogonatous. The mor- 

 phological value of this character was so greatly overestimated by Garrod that he 

 made it the basis of his primary division of the Class Aves into two "Subclasses," 

 Anomalogonataj and Homalogonatae. 



6> Upupinse Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 343 (includes 

 genus Faladia, an oscinine form usually referred to Corvidse). — = Upupidx Cabanis 

 and Heine, Mus. Hein., ii, 1860, 127; Fiirbringer, Uebers. Syst. Morph. Vog., ii, 

 1888, l3G4.—=^ Upupoideie Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 408, in text.— 

 "^Buceroles Fiirbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567 (includes Bucero- 

 tQs).—=Upup!x Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, 7; Sharpe, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 

 80; Hand-List, ii, 1900, 70. 



The Upupae comprise two families, Upupida? (Hoopoes) and Irrisorid* (Wood 

 Hoopoes), the former common to the Palsearctic, Ethiopian, and Indian Regions, the 

 latter confined to the Ethiopian Region. 



