BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



239 



Adult fern ale.- l^ew^^th. (skins), 220-255 (233.1); wing. 110-118 

 (113.6); tail, 104.5-114(108.7); exposed culmen, 17-18.5 (17.0); tarsus, 

 25-28.5 (27.2); middle toe, 14^16.5 (15.8).« 



Northern North America, breeding- from Lal>rador to Alaska, and 

 to an undetermined distance southward; '^ migrating southward in 

 autumn and winter over greater part of United States, at least as far 

 as Virginia. Kentucky, Kansas, New Mexico (P\)rt Wingatc; Tulerosa), 

 Arizona (Fort Whipple), and central California (Nicasio, ]\Luysville, 

 Calaveras Count}^ etc.). 



Lanius excuhitor (not of Linnajus) Forster, Fauna Amer. Sept., 1771, 9; Philos. 

 Trans., Ixii, 1772, 386 (Severn River).— Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 74, pi. 5, 

 fig. 1. — Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 357; iv, 1824, 

 272.— Ai-DUBON, Orn. Biog.. ii, 1834, 534, pi. 192. 

 IahiIiis horeab'sYiYUhhOT, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 80, part, pi. 50 (no type locality 

 designated); Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 728. — Swainson and Richardson, Fauna 

 Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 11, pi. 33 (young). — Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., viii, 1839, 152 (Columbia R.).— Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 157; Birds 

 Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 130, pi. 236.— Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 

 75. — Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 212. — .Tardine, Contr. Orn., 

 1850, 67 (Bermudas). — Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 51. — M,\rtens, Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas). — Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 

 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia). — Dresser and Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, 591 (monogr.).— FiNscH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 39 (Chilcat 

 R., Alaska).— CouEs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 558; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 

 no. 186. — Marshall, Oologist, v, 1879, 16 (habits). — Brewer, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 120 (New England range).— Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, fall and winter; feeds on 

 titmice) .— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 148; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 

 198.— Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 240.— Hartlaub, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., xxxi, 1883, 270 (Berners Bay and Lynn Canal, Alaska). — Bicknell, 



« Nineteen specimens. 



Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Ten adult males from Atlantic district 



Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley and plains dis- 

 trict 



Ten adult males from Pacific district, including Alaska.. 



FEMALES. 



Ten adult females from Atlantic district 



Five adult females from interior district 



Four adult females from Pacific district 



Middle 

 Toe. 



16.1 

 16.2 



15.4 

 16.1 

 16.4 



After carefully comparing 150 specimens, including 30 adult males, I am unable to 

 apj)reciate any differences according to geographic area warranting separation of the 

 species into two subspecies, the coloration being, apparently, quite the same where 

 specimens of corresponding age and sex are compared. 



^ I have not been able to find an untfUestionable record of this species breeding 

 anywhere within tlie limits of the United States. 



