BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 127 



TURDUS ILIACUS Linnaeus. 

 RED-WINGED THRUSH, a 



Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer. — Above plain grayish 

 brown or olive, lighter and slightly grayer posteriorly, the larger wing- 

 coverts and remiges Avith decidedly paler edgings; a superciliary 

 stripe of dull white; a malar stripe of dull white, widening posteriorly 

 where extending to sides of neck, this stripe margined below by a 

 submalar series of dusky streaks, forming a broken stripe along each 

 side of throat; general color of under parts dull white, the sides, 

 flanks, axillars, and under wing-coverts plain cinnamon-rufous or 

 vinaceous-cinnamon ; throat streaked, more or less, with dusky; 

 chest with much larger and broader streaks of dusk}^ brown, these 

 continued backward along sides of breast and abdomen; bill dusky, 

 the mandible paler (yellowish) basally; iris brown; legs and feet pale 

 brownish in dried skins, dirty flesh color in life. 



Adults in autumn and winter. — Similar to the spring and summer 

 plumage, but upper parts browner; superciliary stripe, neck-spot, 

 chest, and breast, tinged, more or less strongly, with buft'; streaks on 

 chest, etc., darker, and cinnamon-rufous of sides and flanks deeper. 



Young. — "Similar to the adult, but the feathers on the back and 

 scapulars have a pale yellowish white streak down the center; upper 

 wing-coverts broadly edged with rufous, and having a rufous spot at 

 the tip, the secondaries being also tipped with whitish; superciliary 

 streak not so large or clearly defined as in the adult; under parts dull 

 white, profusely spotted on the breast with dark brown and having a 

 yellowish tinge on the fore part of the breast; flanks dull rufous with 

 an orange tinge; under wing-coverts rufous; under tail-coverts dirt}" 

 white." ^ 



Adult male. Length (skm), 213; wing, 114.5-118.5 (116.8); tail, 

 75.5-79.5 (78); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.5); tarsus, 28.5-30 (29.3); 

 middle toe, 19.5-22 (21).^ 



Adult female. —Length (skins), 200-211 (205); wing, 113-120 

 (116.6); tafl, 78-84 (81); exposed culmen, 17-19 (17.8); tarsus, 

 28-29 (28.5); middle toe, 19.5-20.5 (20. l).'^ 



Palsearctic Region; breeding "in the birch region and in the upper 

 zone of the pine region" of northern Europe and Asia; wintering in 

 the British Islands, western and southern Europe, Algiers, Persia, 

 Turkestan, northwestern India, etc. Accidental in Greenland (two 

 specimens taken at Frederikshaab, October 20, 1845). 



o A most inappropriate vernacular name, but unfortunately too long in use to be now 

 displaced. 



b Dresser, Birds of Europe, ii, 3G. 

 c Three specimens. 

 d Five specimens. 



