BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 723 



M{ilridus] violcntits Cabanis and Heine, Mas. Hein., ii, 1859, 78 (Brazil). 



Milvulus violentas Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 237 (Para). — Sclateh and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 142 (Conchitas, Argentina). — Pelzeln, 

 Orn. Bras., ii. Abth., 1869, 118; iv. Abth., 1870, 427.— Reinhardt, Fugel- 

 faun. Bras. Campos, 1870, 133. 



M[ilrulus] tyrannus, var. violentus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 309, footnote. 



Milviihis tyrannus violentus Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 13 (Lamljare, Para- 

 guay), 118 (Paraguay). 



Tyrannus vnlvulus Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d cd., i, 1840, 307. 



Tyrannus forticatus (typographical error; not Muscicapa forficata Gmelin) Des- 

 courtilz, Orn. Bres., 1856, pi. 22, fig. (1). 



Family PIPKIU.E. 



THE MANAKINS. 



Haploophone,'^ catacroinyotloiis/' heteromerous " Mesomyodian 

 Passeres witli tarsal envelope exaspidean " (as in Tyrannidse), and 

 second phalanx of inidtlle toe at least halfway (usually wholly) 

 coherent with outer toe, or else (Pvprites) the first phalanx of middle 

 toe wholly coherent with inner toe. 



The Pipridae, as defined above, comprise not only those genera 

 usually assigned to the group, except Laniisoma, which has been 

 transferred to Cotingidge, but also the genus Laniocera, which Doctor 

 Sclater and others have placed with the Cotingid?e, but which has 

 the typical exaspidean tarsi and more coherent toes diagnostic of 

 the present group. 



In their exaspitlean tarsal envelope the Pipridse agree with the 

 Tyrannidsp, but otherwise resemble much more closely the Cotingidse. 

 The three groups are, however, very closely related, and it is a ques- 

 tion whether they should not be combined to form one family, certain 

 aberrant genera in each group being more or less intermediate, at 

 least in external structure. 



As a rule the Pipridse are much smaller birds than the Cotingidfe, 

 the largest forms being scarcely as large as those of medium size 

 belonging to the latter group. Their tarsi are, as a rule, relatively 

 longer, the tail shorter (in most forms very short, though sometimes 

 the middle pair of rectrices are conspicuously elongated), the bill 

 relatively smaller and, usually, shorter and broader basally. The 

 character of the tarsal envelope, which is typically exaspidean, and 

 the extent of cohesion between the anterior toes is ver}^ uniform in 

 tlie group, the only notable departure being in the genus PiprUes, 

 which has the second phalanx of the middle toe wholly free from the 

 outer (as in the Cotingida?) and the first phalanx wholly united with 

 the inner toe. 



a For definitions of these terms see footnote on p. 328. 



