BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 741 



fur Orn., 1861, 252 (Costa Rica).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 

 116 (San Mateo, El Berilla, and Grecia, Costa Rica); Bull. U. S. Xat. Mus., 

 no. 4, 1876, 29 (Tapana, Oaxaca). — Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 309 

 (Costa Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 66 (Navarro, Costa 

 Rica).— NuTiaNG, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 396 (La Palma, w. Costa 

 Rica); vi, 1883, 384 (Sucuya, Nicaragua; habits). — Ridgway, Proc. V. S. 

 Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 500 (San Joso, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1890, 112.— Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 322 (San Jos6, 

 Costa Rica). — LTnderwood, Ibis, 1896, 439 (Volcan de !Miravalles, Costa 

 Rica).— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221 (Naranjo, 

 Guatemala). 



C[hiroxiphia] linearis Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Heine, ii, 1859, 95, footnote 

 (Central America). 



Cercophxna linearis Bonaparte, Consp. Voluc. Anisod., 1854, 6. 



Piprafnstuosa Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1842, 174 (Realejo, Nicaragua). 



Genus PIPRA Linnaeus. 



Pipra LiNNvEus, Mus. Adolph. Frid., Regis, ii, 1764, 32. (Type, by elimination, 



Parus aureola Linnaeus.) 

 PytUs " Vieill[ot] " (not Pithijs Vieillot, 1S16) Boie, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type, Pipra 



leucocilla Linnseus.) 

 Dixiphia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 63. (Type, Pipra leucocilln 



Linnaeus.) 

 Lepidothrix Bonaparte, Consp. Voluc. Anisod., 1854, 6. (Type, Pipra cyaneo- 



capilla Halm and Kuster.) 

 Dasyncetopa " Schiff," Bonaparte, Consp. Voluc. Anisod., 1854, 6. (Type, 



Pipra Serena Linnaeus.) 



Small to very small Piprida? (wing about 45-67 mm.), with tail^ 

 much less than half as long as wing (its middle rectrices never 

 elongated). 



Bill small, much less than half as long as head, wedge-shaped in 

 vertical profile, variable as to relative depth and width at base; cul- 

 men distinctly ridged, gradually curved from base, the tip of maxilla 

 minutely uncinate; gonys about equal to mandibular rami, genth'' 

 convex; maxillary tomium usually straight or nearly so, sometimes 

 faintly concave, at least anteriorly, distinctly but minutely notched 

 subterminally. Nostril mostly or at least largely exposed, longitu- 

 dinally oval, linear or somewhat coma-shaped, overhung by a broad 

 membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles distinct (but variable as to 

 the degree of their development), the feathers of chin \\dth distinct 

 bristly recurved tips. Wing moderate, with longest primaries exceeding 

 secondaries by less than length of commissure; seventh and eighth, 

 eighth and ninth, or seventh to ninth primaries longest, the tenth 

 not shorter than fourth (sometimes equal to fifth) ; outermost pri- 

 maries normally broad. Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing 

 (less than one-third as long in P. erytTirocephala), even or very slightly 

 rounded, the rectrices rounded or sul)truncate at tip (except in P. 

 velutina, in which they become distinctly' narrowed terminally, with 



