BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 867 



times whole pileuin), remiges (except tertials), outermost greater 

 wing-coverts, and at least part of tail black, the bill and naked loral 

 and orbital skin reddish; adult females grayish brown or brownish 

 gray above, indistinctly streaked beneath. 



Nidification.- — Nest in hole of a (usually dead) tree. Eggs (of 

 T. semifasciata personata) '^dafk pinkish buff . . . the ground color 

 almost completel}' hidden by irregular markings, lines, and blotches 

 of chestnut-brown, these blotches darkest and most abundant about 

 the larger end."" 



Range. — Southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and 

 Bolivia. (Four species.) 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF TITYRA. 



a. Head partly (sometimes mostly) deep black, otherwise white or very pale bluish 

 gray; back, scapulars, inner secondaries, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 

 pale bluish gray or grayish white. (Adult males.) 

 b. Pileum and auricular region wholly black; tail entirely black or else only the tip 

 and extreme base pale gray. 

 c. Tail entirely black; back, rump, etc., pale bluish gi"ay; throat white (only the 

 chin black) ; under parts of body veiy pale bluish gray or gi-ayish white. 

 d. B ill with much more than terminal half black ; black chin-spot larger. (South- 

 eastern Brazil to Paraguay and Bolivia.) 



Tityra brasiliensis, adult male (extralimital)^ 

 dd. Bill with much less than te»rminal half black; black chin-spot smaller. (Co- 

 lombia to Cayenne and Amazon Valley.) 



Tityra cayana, adult male (extralimital) c 

 cc. Tail broadly tipped with pale gray, and with extreme base pale gray; most of 

 throat (as well as chin) black; back, rump, etc., grayish white; under parts 

 of body pure white. (Eastern Ecuador.) 



Tityra nigriceps, adult male (extralimital)^^ 

 bb. Posterior half of pileum and auricular region white or pale gray; tail with at least 

 basal half pale gray (white on inner webs) . ( Tityra seviifasciata. ) 



o Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 322. 



b Psaris brasiliensis Swainson, Anim. in Menag. , Jan. 1, 1838, 286. — T[ityra] brasiliensis 

 Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 239. — Tityra brasiliensis 

 Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xiv, 1888, 329. — Tityra cayana brasiliensis Allen, Bull. 

 Am. Mus. N. H., v, July 19, 1893, 110 (Chapada, s. w. Brazil). — Psaris cayanus (not 

 Lanius cayanus Linmeus) D'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid., iv, Ois., 1839, 301. — Ps[aris\ 

 niaximus Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 46 (locality not given; coll. Derby Mus.). 



<:[Lanius] caj/artiis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 137 (Cayenne; based on Lanius 

 cayanensis Brisson, Orn., ii, 158, 160, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2). — Psaiis cayanus Lesson, Traite 

 d'Orn., i, 1831, 378. — T[ityra'\ cayana Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., 

 1847, pt. i, 238; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xiv, 1888, 328. — Pachyrhynchns melano- 

 cephalus Wagler, in Halm's Vog., Lief, xiii, 1822, pi. 6 (== female). — Tityra cinerea 

 Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 347 {=Lanius cayanus Latham); Tabl. 

 Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 859; Gal. Ois., i, 1826?, 217, pi. 134.— Psam nxiyius Lesson, 

 Traite d'Orn., i, 1831, 379 (=feinale). — Psaris virgata Smith (H.), in Griffith's Anim. 

 Kingd., vi, 18 — , 488 (=female). — Psaris cayanensis Swainson, Classif. Birjls, ii, 1837, 

 255. — Psaris giiianensis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., Jan. 1, 1838, 286. 



d Tityra nigriceps Allen, Auk, v, July, 1888, 287 (headwaters of Rio Napio, e. Ecuador; 

 coil. Am. Mus. N. H.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 73 (crit.). 



