742 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



tip sub acuminate). Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing, its 

 scutellation typically exaspidean; middle toe, with claw, a littli^ 

 shorter than tarsus, its second phalanx completely adherent to outer 

 toe, the first phalanx wholly united to inner toe; outer toe, without 

 claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle 

 toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux, ^^^thout claw, about as 

 long as inner toe, or slightly shorter, slender. 



Plumage and coloration. — Contour ])lumage blended, the feathers 

 of the pileum, however, sometimes narrow and distinctly outlined; 

 head entirely feathered, without crest or frontal tuft; tibial feathers 

 completely hiding heel joint, sometimes very full and soft, and 

 extending over upper portion of tarsus. Adult males mostly uni- 

 form black (either velvety or glossy), (1) with pileum and sides of 

 head scarlet or orange-yellow and thighs yellow or orange, (2) whole 

 head, neck, and breast orange (abdomen yellow in one species), (3) 

 crown blue, (4) pileum white and rump pale grayish blue, (5) fore- 

 head pale blue or bluish white, lower rump bright blue, abdomen 

 yellow or orange, or (6) whole pileum pure white, the coloration other- 

 wise entirely black; or (7) the upper parts green, wdth white pileum 

 and rump, the under parts yellow. Adult females plain olive, olive- 

 green, or dull green above, paler or more yellowish below. 



Nidification. — (Unknown ?) 



Range. — Southern Mexico to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. (About 

 twenty species and subspecies, only two of them occurring north of 

 the Panama Railway.) 



KKY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PIPRA." 



a. Tolor mainly black, this varied by red, orange, yellow, V>lue, or wliive. (Adnlt 

 males.) 

 h. Pileum and sides of head, together with hindneck and sides of neck, scarlet, 

 orange, or yellow, 

 c. Pileum, etc., scarlet. 

 d. Tail distinctly rounded, the lateral rectrices about 5 mm. shorter than 

 middle pair; axillars and under wing-coverts black. (Peru and Bolivia.) 



Pipra chloromeros, adult male (extralimital) b 

 dd. Tail even (truncated); axillars and under wing-coverts not black. 



e. Thighs white, with scarlet on outer side; axillars and under wing-coverts 

 partly black or dusky. (Eastern r)razil lo northeastern Peru.) 



Pipra rubrocapilla, adult male (extralimital)'^ 



« As usual in the present work the more closely related extralimital forms are inchided 

 for sake of comparison. 



b Pipra chloromeros Tschudi, in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Natiu-g., x, pt. i, 1844, 271 

 (n. w. Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1849, 144, 145; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 

 xiv, 1888, 295; Hellmayr, Ibis, 1906, 17 (monogr.). 



c Pipra rubrocapilla Temminck, PI. Col., livr. 9, Apr., 1821, pi. 54, fig. 3 (Brazil); 

 Hellmayr, Ibis, 190G, 11 (monogr.). — Pipra rubricapilla Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 

 xiv, 1888, 295. — THxiphia rvbricapilla Bonaparte, Consp. Voluc. Anisod., 1854, 6. — 

 I'lipra] erythrocephala (not Linnasus) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 29. 



