BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 745 



aa. Color plain olive-green or dull grass-green above, the pileuni and hindneck some- 

 times slate-grayish; beneath light yellowish olive, light olive-green, or grayish, 

 the chest deeper in color; no red, orange, yellow, nor blue. (Adult females and 

 young.) 

 b. Pileum and hindneck concolor with back (never grayish); axillars and under 

 wing-coverts pale yellow or olive- whitish. 

 c. Upper parts olive-green (more or less brownish); under wing-coverts pale yel- 

 low or yellowish white; maxilla horn brown, feet pale yellowish (flesh col- 

 ored in life). 

 d. Tail distinctly rounded. .Pipra chloromeros, female and young (extralimital) 

 d. Tail even or truncated. 

 e. Tail shorter (21-24 mm.) 



Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala, female and young (pp. 748, 749) 

 ee. Tail longer (more than 25 mm.). 

 /. Axillars and under wing-coverts pale yellow; under parts light olive- 

 greenish Pipra mentalis mentalis, female and young (pp. 746, 747) « 



Pipra mentalis ignifera, female and young (p. 747) « 

 ff. Axillars and under wing-coverts olive-whitish; under parts light gray- 

 ish olive Pipra rubrocapilla, female and young (extralimital) 



cc. Upper parts grass green Pipra velutina, female and young (p. 750)^ 



Pipra caeruleccapilla, female and young (extralimital)^ 

 Pipra coronata, female and young (extralimital) ^ 

 bb. Pileum and hindneck more or less distinctly more grayish than back c (some- 

 times pure slate-gray), axillars and under wing-coverts light gi"ay (usually more 

 or less tinged with yellowish olive. c {Pipra pipra, females and young.) 

 c. Tail longer (28.5-36 mm.). 

 d. Smaller (wing not more than 68, tail not more than 34 mm.). 



e. Smaller, with relatively shorter tail (wing 61-66, tail 28.5-29.5 mm.). 



Pipra pipra pipra, female and young (exti*alimital)«^ 

 Pipra pipra anthracina, female and young (p.752)d 

 ee. Larger, with relatively longer tail (wing 65-68, tail 32-34 mm.); adult 

 females said to have the pileum and hindneck clear slate-gi'ay. 



Pipra pipra coracina, female and young (extralimital) 

 dd. Larger (wing 70, tail 36 mm.). 



Pipra pipra comata, feinale and young (extralimital) 

 cc. Tail shorter (26.5-27 mm . ) . 



Pipra pipra bahise, female and young (extralimital) ^ 



o I am unable to find constant differences between these two forms. 



& The females and young of these three fomns are apparently not distinguishable. 



cin occasional specimens, probably very young birds, there is little difference in 

 color between the pileum and back, l)ut the difference is nevertheless appreciable. 

 In such examples the axillars and under wing-coverts are decidedly yellowish olive 

 instead of gray. 



f^ Having only one female of P. p. anthracina for comparison, I am unable to say 

 whether there are constant color differences l>etween that sex of this form and P.p. pipra. 

 It certainly differs sufficiently from any of the females of true P. p. pipra before me 

 (one from British Guiana and five from Suapure, Venezuela) in having the pileum 

 and hindneck dark slate-gray or slate color strongly contrasted with the bright olive- 

 green of the back, in this respect agreeing with a young male of P. p. pipra; but the 

 back, scapulars, and outer surface of greater wing-coverts and secondaries are very 

 much brighter olive-green and the chest extensively and uniformly yellowish olive- 

 green instead of merely tinged with that color. It is possible the specimen is in reality 

 a young male, and not an adult female; but whether correctly sexed or not, it is easily 

 distinguishable from either the adult female or young male of P. p. pipra. 



«The single female examined of this form is easily distinguished from any t)ne of 

 five females of P. p. pipra, from British Guiana and Venezuela, being grayer beneath 

 and having the pileum and hindneck rather light slate-gray (much paler than in the 

 young male of P. p. pipra) strongly tinged with olive-green. It resembles rather 



