BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDI.E AMERICA. 765 



LANIOCERA RUFESCENS (Sclater). 

 EUFOUS MANAKIN. 



Adult male. — Above plain dull einnamon-rufoiis or hazel, darker 

 (nearly burnt umber) on crown, the feathers of occiput tipped with 

 duller brown, the back and scai)ulars (especially k)wer portion of 

 former) indistinctly intermixed with somewhat grayish brown, the 

 rump and u])per tail-coverts narrowly and very indistinctly barred 

 with brown; lesser wing-coverts uniform bright cinnamon-rufous; 

 middle coverts and posterior row of lesser coverts brown (deep broc- 

 coli brown or between mummy and light bister), each with a very 

 large terminal broadly triangular spot of dull orange-rufous or dull 

 light cinnamon-rufous; greater coverts broccoli brown narrowly 

 edsed with dull orange-rufous or dull lioht cinnamon-rufous and 

 tipped with a large triangular spot of the same; primary' coverts dull 

 cinnamon-rufous or russet, passing into deep grayish brown on ter- 

 minal portion; remiges between orange-rufous and russet, their inner 

 webs deep grayish (broccoli) brown for terminal half (more or less), 

 their shafts dusky brown ; tail russet, the inner webs of rectrices pass- 

 ing into didl orange-rufous on edges; chin and upper throat uniform 

 tawny-ochraceous passing into grayish tawny or cinnamon on lower 

 throat ; rest of under parts plain tawny-ochraceous, the chest (only) 

 narrowly and very indistinctly barred with grayish brown; axillars 

 and under wing-coverts light tawny-ochraceous, the inner webs of 

 renaiges (except terminally) similar but deeper and slightly more rufes- 

 cent; on each side of breast, near axillars, a patch of lemon yellow, 

 composed of rather elongated,. loose-webbed feathers; bill deep horn 

 brown, the basal half of mandible paler; legs and feet light horn 

 brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 192-208 (198); wing, 

 103.5-114 (109.3); tail, 81-90.5 (84); exposed culmen, 17-19 (18); 

 tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.4); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2).« 



Adult female.^ — Similar in coloration to the adult male, but usu- 

 ally (?) with the yellow subaxillary patch replaced by one of orange- 



C' Five specimens, only one of them fully adult as to plumage. 



''Judging from the specimens examined, leading authorities seem to be in error in 

 supposing the sexes to differ materially in coloration and also in considering the speci- 

 mens with a few black spots on under parts and black tips to the wing-coverts as the 

 adult male. On the contrary, the latter are almost certainly immature birds. The 

 black spots on the under parts are, in all the specimens I have seen, very few in 

 number and scarcely alike in any two specimens as to position, which leads me to 

 suspect that the feathers bearing these black spots are merely remnants of the first 

 plumage. 



A circumstance which I am not able to understand in connection with the color- 

 ation of this species (unless explainable as a slip of the pen) is that both Salvin and 

 Godman {Biologia Centrali- Americana, Aves, ii, 130) and Hartert {Novitates Zoologicse, 

 ix, 610) mention yellow " ^ani-tufts." I have never seen a specimen of the species 

 possessing any yellow on the flanks, and therefore suspect that the yellow subaxillary 

 patch is meant. 



