476 C. WHITTLESEY ON THE WEAPONS AND 



finish of the spear-heads here described. These clumsy knives were, in all cases, beaten 

 from nuggets of native copper, and were probably made by the present race of red men. 



2. Dimensions of the Copper Weapons of the Mound-Builders. 



Plate XVI, figs. 4-4 b . Copper Spear or Dirk from Ontonagon. From Jno. S. Mullowny. 

 Found two feet below the surface ; a new implement, never used. 



Length of blade and socket, 13.8 inches. 



" " " 11.0 " 



Greatest width of blade, 1.6 " 



Straight, tapering to the point ; cross-section diamond shaped, with two ridges and two 

 sharp edges. 



Thickness, . .5 inch. 



Breadth of socket outside, ............ 1.2 " 



Thickness of socket metal, about one tenth of an inch, not strong enough for a lance-head ; 

 open one fourth of the circumference. 



All the sockets are made by flattening the copper cold and bending it over, leaving about 

 one fourth of the front open. 1 



Plate XVI, figs. 7 - 7 d . Copper Spear-Head from Kllbourn City, Sauk County, Wisconsin. 

 From A. B. Wood, Mining Engineer of Copper Harbor, Lake Superior. 



Found in a mound about one foot below surface. 



Length of blade and socket, ............ 12.0 inches. 



" " " 9.0 " 



Greatest breadth of blade, 1.6 " 



Breadth at middle, 1.1 " 



Thickness, .4 " 



Breadth of socket, 1.0 " 



Tapers from socket to point regularly. Cross-section a flat triangle. The flat side is with 

 the open side of the socket, the ridge extending along the back of the socket. 



Plate XVI, figs. 8 - 8 a . Copper Spear-Head, Brockville, Canada West. From Dr. T. Reynolds. 



Length over all, 12 inches ; no socket, but a pointed shank ; tapers slightly to near the point, 

 and then forms a blunt end. Breadth where the cross-section is given, 1.8 inch. 



With this was another, in all respects similar. Length, 9 inches. These were fourteen 

 feet below the surface, with bones, copper knives, and a spade or gouge. 



1 Plate XVI, figs. 3 - 3". Copper chisel from Ontonagon. The chisel had not been used, since neither the cutting 



Jno. S. Mullowny. edge nor the head is battered. It is bent up longitudinally 



Length along the middle, 12 inches. from near each end in the manner shown by the cross-section, 



Greatest breadth measured through the implement, 2 inches, (fig. 3"). The object in giving it this form must have been to 



" " measured over the ridge, 2.25 inches. stiffen it and thus save metal. The contrivance speaks well 



" thickness, .25 inch. for the ingenuity of the maker. 

 Height of ridge above the surface on which the implement 

 may rest, .8 inch. 



