OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 



359 



Fig. 13. View of Kanedhe from the East. 



The south-east promontory of Oahu is composed of the remains of cones 



Koko Head Group. z. . . , , . T7 .„ . 



so closely crowded that the strata and slopes are very perplexing. Koko is a 

 smooth rounded eminence with no traces of a crater on the top. The 

 ascent is remarkably gradual, and there is a good horse-path to the 

 summit (A), where the grass grows well. Blocks of lava are scattered 

 over the level top, probably brought there by the natives for burial I 

 purposes. At B is a small crater, now covered with grass ; the walls 

 are low, rounded, and smooth. D is open to the sea, and the blue color 

 of the water indicates great depth ; at its head is a house belonging 

 to the king, and a spring (C) of fresh water issuing at the base of the 

 cliff supplies several kalo-ponds. The walls are steep but not high. 

 Near the signal station between D and E, there is a large amount of 

 augite imbedded in the tufa, also incrustations and thin layers of 

 calcareous matter. E is the largest crater, and its walls are broken 

 towards the sea, leaving the bottom dry and level a few feet above 

 high water. All through the tufa of this crater fragments of coral 

 rock are thickly scattered. The tufa is hard, brown, and coarse, 

 much resembling sand-stone ; where the sea has undermined the F 

 cliffs, projecting strise parallel to the dip seem to indicate varying A < M,i "" ,h « niss >' summit; b, smaii 



, ... 1-1 -i crater; C, spring of fresh water; D, 



hardness in the layers. Inland of this is a very high and steep cone deep crater open to the sea; e, large 



.. l'/v* i • "i jV n ji ii . • ,i • l l dry crater broken down towards the 



quite dinerent in its outline from the other craters m the neighbor- sea 

 hood. The internal cavity descends nearly to the sea level, and is open towards the north- 

 east. The cone is obliquely truncated, owing to the trade-winds, which, besides modifying 

 the form in this way, render the plan oval with the acute end towards the wind, as during 





fig. 15. View of Koko Craters from the outer Sigaal-Station. 

 The bay in the foreground is represented by D on the plan {Fig. 14), ami the small house on the right marks the position of the spring. 



