258 A " S - PACKARD, Jr., ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA 



mals there are a very large proportion of arctic plants spread over the whole arctic zone 

 winch cannot be said to be American any more than European or Asiatic Tut iZv 

 cn-cnmpolar. On the other hand, there is a small percentage of whth tie ZZli 

 true, and this is paralleled among the animals leveise is 



Tr^a'ctfoiffor 1861 ^J^TT T' " ^ Distl ' ib " tio " of Aretic *"•»* in the Linnean 

 Iransactions for 1861 accounts for the greater richness of the flora of Lapland over that of 

 other arctic regions by the blending of warm and cold currents of air and IZr ad its 

 great diversity of mountains and low lands; while on the broad plains of Sberia an thj 



^T;^TXi there is the ™ — ^--Uand nir:^ 



No^SdS^^ 



View of the Echinoderms of Greenland s ow t f Dr -. Lutk ^in his admirable 



can fauna, and the fish fauna would seem to follow the same law. All the facts known tn 



Dr. Hooker cites fifty-seven species of plants which do not cross from Greenland to 

 America. This is paralleled by the apparent restriction of a few species of ma^ netverte- 



^ U tine! he ^77' "^ f *" ^ *""* "* ^ ^— .fo,, tho^ n 

 glacial times they abounded m northeastern America 



Among the most purely arctic-american plants 'are the P<«?« *&** which • 



abundant m Greenland and which we have collected in profusion in Labradof mZT and 



These two plants- which Dr. Hooker acknowledges have never occurred elsewhere on 

 he gobe within he historic period -he supposes were originally from Scandinavian^ 

 they have never been found in Europe. By this mode of reasoning we mighTjust as weS 

 imagine the clam, Mya armaria, to have been derived originally from Euron 

 to have been derived from the aurochs of Europe. The ^^XI^S 

 t c-amencan forms in Greenland must destroy our confidence in the supposed identity of 

 the Greenland flora with that of Lapland, for there are strong grounds for regardTng th e 

 flora of Greenland as arctic and circumpolar simply, rather than European aXand that 

 on either side the flora becomes more strongly either American or Eulean a wet 

 westward or eastward of Greenland. -^uiupean, as we go 



When, following the line of the yearly isothermal of 39= ™> + ^ 

 either side of the Atlantic, we find L^J^J^Z^ £%«£ 

 and thus producing much greater diversity of climate than in Greenland. WMeX (Mf 

 Stream abuts directly upon Scandinavia, some of its effects are felt in Newfo undlan 1 and 

 Labrador. Both lands are continental, and shade into temperate regions. There is a verv 

 perfect correspondence in the geology and distribution of the formations, and hendS 

 Hooker observes, there are a large number (230) of plants, common to Labrador and Scan 

 dnavia, which do not occur in Greenland. This is paralleled very exactly inTedis^ution 

 of animal life. In the seas of Labrador and Newfoundland are found fo ms L ved f Z 

 the more temperate seas of New England, as on the coast of Norway nly trml oZ 



