ZOOGEOGRAPHY. 151 



and others who have studied in these fields, since van Kampen has so recently 

 reviewed their labors. 



The most of the land connections by which each island, or group of islands, 

 has received its present fauna have been dealt with elsewhere in this paper. We 

 may sum up the present state of evidence by saying that, in order to account for 

 conditions as we find them now, it must be conceded that since Cretaceous times 

 there has existed a general land connection between southeastern Asia and the 

 islands Sumatra, Borneo, and Java; and, at the same time, a connection between 

 Borneo and Palawan, and possibly some other of the southern PhiUppines. 

 Important evidence for this is the finding in Java of Tertiary fossils belonging 

 to such characteristic mainland genera as Hyaena, Stegodon, Hippopotamus, 

 several antelopes, etc. Then, at the other end of the group. New Guinea must 

 have been widely connected with Austraha, though this connection will need 

 discussion to show why so many characteristic Australian types are lacking in 

 Papuasia. New Guinea was connected in Eocene times, and probably later, 

 with a great stretch of land which extended down to the southeastward, in- 

 cluding certainly what are now the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, 

 New Hebrides, Fiji, and probably New Caledonia, and New Zealand. This 

 enormous territory had nothing whatever to do with Austraha, though it liad 

 some relation to South America. This last statement is not a new one, since 

 Beddard, Benham, Henry Woodward, Hutton, and von Ihering have all adopted, 

 on various grounds, the view that there was some connection between New 

 Zealand and southern South America (for a resume of this subject cf. Suess, 4, 

 p. 667-668) . The question is, did this connection simply reach out to a previously 

 existing Antarctic continent which had an independent connection with Australia; 

 or was there a direct connection lietween New Zealand and Patagonia, indepen- 

 dent of any connection which Australia may have had with South America? 

 Concerning this there may be difference of opinion. In the light of more com- 

 plete knowledge, it seems most reasonable to explain conditions in the simplest 

 possible manner; this would undoubtedly be that Australia and New Zealand 

 were connected mth Patagonia by a common commissure, which may have 

 been part of an Antarctic continent ; from this continent New Zealand probably 

 separated first, since it got few South American types compared to Australia. 

 Antipodes, the Snares, Auckland, and the other islands lying south of New 

 Zealand are undoubtedly remnants of this connection. There is certainly need 

 of postulating land connections to explain the South American element in the 

 fauna of both of these areas. The point which should be brought out most 



