COLLKOTfONS I\ KfiiNoMIC (;i:i )I,( x; V AM) \J K 1' M-Ll'Ki; V. 1 .') 1 



(;l) Ni». 'i lil't' luick, llsnl ill lilllll„' till' lihist riiriiiU'i', llnlil •."• I'l'd .iliiiM- Imsli In lll*4 



to|i ottiif slack. (.MT7. . » 



(t) I'npiiriMl l*i)rlsiii<>iitl\ i-l.iy, iis)^<l li>i iiKiilar in liiiin.; tin' liktst riiniiir)'. It has 



bi'eii lioiU'tl and iiiixi'il witli <>ru<-liall' its wri-^lit of j;ri>iiii<l i>l<l liro Itrirk. (.'il-:i.'». i 

 (;'») I'rcpanMl Uticaclay, used in liniMin;^ Idast Inrnatcs. (.MTTri.) 

 (*!) lUiic clay, t'roni \Vilinin;x(**i'> Illinois, used for closiM<^ the ta)i IioIim and otinr 



pnri>o.si's about thti furnaics. (r>4Tti4.> 



(7) I'irc Itrick, taken iVom Imsli ot'tlic blast fiiiiiaci- alter bciuj; in use (."i17h,",. ) 

 (H) Fire brick, taken from ilic walls of the blast Ciirnacc after bcin^j in use. 



(-.-17.IS.) 



(D) (tanistcr, ijakc Superior i|iiart/itc : usi'd for liniiij: t In- com i-rlcr. i .'.47-'.!. i 



(10) ( 'riisiiod •janistiM', iisimI in makinij rcfrii-tory inixf iirr t'oi- linini; t lie con vcrltT. 

 (r.4774.) 



(11) Fireclay, from Streator Illinois: used in luakiii;; refractory ini.xture inr liii- 

 iusr converter. (r>47t'i7. ) 



(I'J) Fireclay, criishod, from Sireator, Illinois: used in making n-fractory mixture 

 for liiiinjj converter. (r>477:t. ) 



(1:J) C^uartz sand, from ITtica, Illinois; used in inakiii'^ retVactiuy mixtnrt for lin- 

 inj; converter. (ri477r>. ) 



(14) Hall .sliilV, made from ciusbed t^.-mister, lire clay, and sand ; used for lining 

 tbe converter. (.">477H. ) 



(1")) Old lire brick, used iii makiiiii refractory mixture for liniii;; (lie bottoms of 

 converters. (r)476.'>.) 



(1(5) Fire brick, crushed : used in makinj^ refractory mixture for lining the iiot- 

 toms of ooiivertor.s. (r>477*2.) 



(17) Liiiinjj iiiatorial, made of crushed panister, sand, and tire brick ; used for lin- 

 in<^ the bottoms of coiiverter.s. (.')47ti:{.) 



(IH) .Joint .stiitf, nsed for niakinj; tbe joint between the vessel anil its bottom; 

 madt< of loam, <;ani8ter, and lire clay. (r)47"".t.) 



(li>) Tuyere, used for the introduction of the air into the molten metal. (547itl.) 



{20) Ilydnnlic cement, used for fasteniiif; the tuyeres into the bottom of the con- 

 verter; made of Portland cement and clay. (r)47H7.) 



(•21) Loam, from Joliet. Illinois: used for lining Hfeel and hot-metal ladles. 

 (.".47Gf<.'> 



(2"2) Stopi>er, used to (do-ic tile vent of the casting,' ladle i."il78S.) 



TliK SmKLTINi; Of I'KilUMiN. 



For this purpose iron ores are mixed witli suitable lluxes and with 

 th«' ?u*eessary fuel ami the wliole charj^cd into shaft fiiinaces into 

 whieli air is blown for the comlnistioii of the find to fiirnisii the heat 

 necessary for tlu' operation. 



The shaft furnaces are circular in section and \aiy ;,M('atly in dianu'- 

 ter ami alscMii hci^xht. acrordinu to thr amount nt' metal they are to 

 produce. iSinall old-fashioned charcoal furnaces |irodnee from .i to 4 

 tons i)er day, while a few modern coke furnaces ha\e i>rodm-«'d 300 

 ton.s in a day. The di:imeter varies at dilTerent hei<;lits in tin' same 

 fiiiiiace. and the adinstment oftliis diameter is very important, since it 

 is one of the eliief factors in dcterininino- the sm-cess of the furnace. 

 At the bottom of tlu' fiirnaee are opi'iiin^s tor drawiii}; otf the metal 

 ami sla^% and Jus :ibove these are other openings for tin' tuyeres for 

 the introdiH'tion of the air. Tiie top of tlie fniiiace is kept closed in 

 most modern ftirnaces, except wheii material is beino; introduced, and 



