(•()LLE( riONS IN IX'ONOMIC OEOlAXJV AND MK lAI.Lrii( i V. 225 



Tbe action of iniiu' wattT upon iron is illustrated 1)> two speciineiiH : 



(I) Iron btdts. Tukt-n from tht< bottom of an iron tank nst-d for hoiHtin^ niiin- 

 water to the surface. Tbo original size Nva.s 7| incbi's l»y tbri'i'-i|nartfr>* of an incli ; 

 tbe cotton \vn8t«> on tbe liolt was nsiil to fxcltulc tbe water. Tliey are now eaten 

 away to a sbrtMl. Kobinoor Colliery, Sbenaiidoab. Schuylkill Tonntv, I'enn«yl\ ania. 

 (.V.tOlM-..) 



('J) Miner's pick. Was sul»merf;e(l atiuiit 'JO years, ilnriii;^ the tlodilin;^ of the Kaska- 

 WilliaMi Colliery. New IMiiladelphia. Schuylkill County, I'miiHylvania. ('t'JlXt.) 



The outfit worn hy a miner in tlie antliiafitc miiu's of Schuylkill 

 County, Peuusylvania, is illustrated by the followinj; old suit : 



(1) Hoots. (.V.d-JS.) (ri) Water bottle. (5l»i:M.) 



(■J) Pants. (.M»rJt;.) (in IMck. (.VJl'ilt.) 



(:{) Overalls. (iV.d'JT.) (10) Hand drill. (r>9i:5t).) 



(11) Scraper. (r)9i:U.) 



(12) Needle. (.'iOi:^.) 



(l:n HlastinR barrel. (r)9i:a) 



(4) Shirt. (r)91-2o.) 



(5) Vest. (5<»1"24.) 

 («•)) Hat. (51tl2:5.) 

 (7) Lamp. (.'><>l>2-.>.) 



Five characteristic fossils are shown : 



(1) Slate, with fern impressions. Kohimxir Colliery, Shenandoah, Schuylkill 

 Connty, Pennsylvania. (.V.UKi.) 



(,2) Sti<5maria, from the anthracite coal measures. I'ottsville, Schuylkill County, 

 Pennsylvania. (.')9119. ) 



(3) Al<i:e, from the red sh.iie imtuedi.iteiy under the conj^lomerate of tbe anthra- 

 cite coal meiwures. I'ottsville, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. (iV.llSO.) 



(4) Calamite, froni the anthracite coal measures. Pottsville, Schuylkill County, 

 Pennsy 1 van ia. ( ")91 '2 1 . ) 



(;")) Lepidodeuilroii, uuderlyinj; the Huck Mountain bed. Mine Hill (iap. Schuyl- 

 kill Connty, Pennsylvania. (59112.) 



The foUowinf; series of specitnens illustrate the open lamjxs in use in 

 the Wyoininj; Valley Iie«jion, Ln/.erne Connty, Penn.sylvania : 



(1) Superintendent or boss miner's lainj*, made of copptM', as this metal does not .at- 

 tract tbe needle of the compass. (5907:?.) 



(2) Superintendent or boss miner's lamp, larj^cr than tln' oniinary mining lamp, 

 with a large book to be used as a handle. (59074.) 



(;{) With statiou.iry tank, in which cheap kerosene oil may be burned. (.59075.) 



(4) With an adjustable tank, in which cheap kerosene oil may be burned. (.5907(i. ) 



(5) With lift top, in which the lowest grade of kerosene oil, or a better quality 

 known as patent oil, may be burned. (.59077.) 



(fi) Patent-oil lamp, with screw top. (.590^0.) 



(7) Pri'ferred by the miners of tbe Wyoming Valley region to .my other kind in 

 wliicb cheap kerosene oil is burned. (.5'.M17H. ) 



(H) Open, for burning only the cheapest grades of kerosene oil. (.59079. > 

 (9) Open, for burning either whale or cotton-seed oil. (.590"<1. ) 



(10) Tbe same as .590HI, ditfers slightly in shape. (.590f«.) 



(11) Hrass, with match box insi<lc, striki-r at the bottom, and picker near the hook. 

 (.590H4.) 



Two specitnens illustrate the Open lamps used in the New liiver, (lau- 

 ley, and Kanawha districts of West Virj^inia. l''i'om the Sewel! Mine, 

 Sewell, Fayette County, West Virginia. They are shown with the 

 anthracite lamps for coinpaiison. 



(\) With lift toi> ami ilouble Hpout. (.V.>-Jl |. ) 



(2) With lift top, in whi<h linseed oil may be burned. (.5'.»2l:t.) 



011(>_N(,. 12 !.'> 



