22 NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 



Female, similar but with the markings of fore wing more extended, 

 Fig. 11, d, and there is a broad, marginal band on hind wings, enclosing 

 a row of large, diamond-shaped spots of white ; there is also a spot at 

 end of central cell, enclosing a curved transverse line of white. Ex- 

 pands l.GO to 2.25. 



Vernalis Edw. Is a winter form, smaller, with the dark colors 

 more prominent, therefore the two bands on fore wings are more often 

 connected by decided markings in both sexes. 



Habitat, from Mass., where it is rare, south to the Gulf of INIexico, 

 and west to the Pacific, also British America. 



36. PIERIS NAPI EsPER. 

 White Butterfly. 



Size and form of P. rapae but differs above in having the dark tip- 

 pings to apex of fore wings not confined to the space above the second 

 branch of the middle vein ; and in having the dark spot between the first 

 and second, nearer the outer margin, Fig. 11, b; ib., a, being P. rapae. 

 Beneath, the hind wings and tip of fore, are yellowish green, not yellow, 

 and the veins of the former are narrowly margined with brown scales. 

 Expands 1.25 to 1.50. This is the type form, as it occurs in Europe. 

 In this country, the following sub-species occur. 



oGa. PiERis napi oleracea Harr. White above, with very little 

 or no dark markings anywhere, and the upper margin of hind wing is 

 pale yellow. Oleracea-hiemalis Harr. is the winter form, with the 

 dark markings rather more conspicuous and the upper margin of hind 

 wing, pale orange. Habitat, from New England to Mich.; Ontario and 

 Quebec. 



Virginiensis Edw. is an abertant form, with the surface white 

 above but much obscured with brownish scales, especially on apex of 

 fore wings, on upper border of both wings, and basal half of lower. Be- 

 neath, all of the veins are bordered with grayish. Habitat, New York 

 and Ontario. 



3Gb. Pieris napi hulda Edw. In this sub-species, the lines 

 along the veins of lower side of hind Avings are fused, that is, the dark 

 scales spread over the entire surface. Habitat, Alaska. 



3Gc. Pieris napi venosa Scud. Has the veins of under side of 

 hind wings broadly bordered with black, with the lines continuing of 

 equal width quite to the margin of the wing. Habitat, California to 

 British Columbia. Flava Edw. Is an aberrant, yellow form of this 

 last, found in California. 



