46 DONALDSON BODINE. 



that of Professor Coiiistock — the separation of the Pieridie from the 

 Pupiliouidse and association of them with the Nymphalidse and Ly- 

 csenidre, while the Papilionidse are left standing alone, except for the 

 few almost archaic forms representing the Parnassians. Instead of 

 scales and pits along the clavola as in the Nymphalidre, or scales 

 alone as in most of the members of the other families, there are in 

 the Papilioninre no scales distad of the first segment of the clavola, 

 but there is an abundance of short hairs or rods which no doubt 

 serve as sense organs, and possibly serve to compensate for the scar- 

 city of well-developed pits of the usual type. The sense organs are 

 scattered over the whole surface of the clavola with considerable 

 regularity, and the lack of scales is doubtless due to their large de- 

 velopment. In the Parnassiime we find the same short hairs or rods, 

 but instead of extending over the whole surface of the clavola, they 

 are confined to a more limited area along the distal portion. The 

 Parnassians are doubtless nearer the stem form of the Papilionina 

 than are the Papilioninse. There are only four species, comprising 

 a single genus, in the fauna of North America, and from their gen- 

 eral structure they are regarded as a not very highly developed 

 group. They have a thick covering of scales over the clavola, at 

 least on the dorsal aspect, but the presence of the short hairs allies 

 them to the Papilioninse and separates them from the other families 

 of butterflies. The antennae of the Papilionidse, then, indicate that 

 they are distinct from the other butterflies, and that they are less 

 highly specialized. 



I am unable to find any definite characters in the antennje them- 

 selves which are constant for the separate families, and which will 

 separate the Pieridre, Lyca?nida3 and Nymphalidte. The Pieridie, 

 however, differ from the Lyctenidse in the insertion of their antennae. 

 In the former the antennjie do not infringe upon the eyes, while in 

 the latter family, at least, the sockets do encroach upon the eyes. 

 The Nyraphalidae have the most highly organized antennae of all 

 the butterflies. They are abundantly supplied with well-developed 

 pits. The clavola has pits upon the ventral surface even to the 

 proximal segment in some forms, and there are other indications that 

 these forms express the highest antennal development among the 

 butterflies. 



It would perhaps be futile to compare the antennas of the skip])ers 

 and butterflies with those of the moths. There is a wide difference 

 between the structure and the organs of the antennae of two such 



