40 DONALDSON BODINE. 



cones have begun to migrate as in Nerice bidentata, where they have 

 only reached a point near the bases of the pectinations, or they have 

 ah'eady reached the apex as in Cerurci cinerea, or Icthyura inclusa. 

 The antennae of the Noctuidse, Lymantriidse, Agaristidse and Peri- 

 copidse, are very similar in structure. There is a closer relation be- 

 tween the Noctuidte and the Againstidse and between the Lyman- 

 triidse and the Pericopidae than exists in any other arrangement of 

 the families. The Pericopid?e also present many points of resem- 

 blance to the Zygaenidse, especially to the more generalized forms. 

 The Zygienidte, however, seem to be most closely related to the Py- 

 romorphidse among the Generalized Freuat?e. Without any doubt, 

 they belong where they are placed, high up among the Frenulum- 

 conservers ; therefore, I believe they are the ends of the branch, 

 which, at an earlier time, gave rise to the Pyromorphid?e. Certain 

 of the Deltoid Noctuids exhibit a strong resemblance to the Pyralids. 

 They are of a higher type of structure however. One group, in- 

 cluding Herminia, Pityolita, Zauclognatha, Renla, etc., have a pecu- 

 liar modification near the middle of the clavola, which at once sug- 

 gests the condition of things in Desmia funeralis. In Herminia 

 morhidalis there are simply a couple of spurs on the ventral part 

 of a segment. The greatest development is reached in Renia re- 

 strictalis. Fig. 28 represents this highly specialized organ in this 

 species. The antennje of the Sphingidie resemble, in some features, 

 those of the Notodontidre and the Noctuidse, but they are prob- 

 ably most closely related genetically to the Sesiidse, and are repre- 

 sentatives of a later development from the same branch. The 

 Sphinx antenna shows as high a degree of specialization in certain 

 directions as any of the moths. The Saturniina have more com- 

 plicated pectinations, but that kind of a development is particu- 

 larly adapted to their conditions of life. Among the swiftly 

 flying Sphinxes such antennte would be unwieldy and very liable 

 to injury. Here we find a specialization imich better fitted for 

 habits of swift flight. Instead of long and numerous pectinations, 

 we find greatly developed ventral expansions. The antenna of 

 Daremma undulosa is a good example of the type ; Fig. 46 repre- 

 sents one of the segments of the clavola. The scape is short and 

 very stout ; the pedicel also is short and stout, and is especially 

 well supplied with the peculiar sense apparatus common to all forms ; 

 the clavola is large, and its shaft is heavier than in any other Lep- 

 idoptera ; it is well protected by an abundance of scales on the 



