654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi..xxiii. 



Loew, in 1862, adopted ^Mac-quart's classification, except that he 

 separated from the Brachjx-era the families Hippoboscida? and Xycter- 

 ibidj\? as a third primary g-roup. 



Brauer, in 1863, divided the Diptera into two primary groups, the 

 Orthorhapha, which included the Nemocera, Tanystoma, and Nota- 

 cantha of Latreille's classification of 1825, and the Qyclorhapha, 

 comprising the Athericera of Latroille. together with the families 

 Hippoboscidte and Nycteribida?. 



Schiner, in 186-1, adopted Brauer's two primary divisions, subdivided 

 the first into two groups, the Nemocera of Latreille, and Brachycera 

 of Macquart, which he thus limited to its present condition. The lat 

 ter group he further subdivided into two groups, the Cyclocera. which 

 contained the modern families Stratiomyida?, TabanidcV and a part of 

 the Lcptida?; and the Orthocera. The Cyclorhapha he subdivided 

 into two groups, the Proboscidea and Eproboscidea, the latter com- 

 prising the families Hippoboscida^ and Nycteribida\ The Eprol)osci- 

 dca he also subdivided into two groups, the Hypocera, containing the 

 family PhoridjB, and the Orthocera, a term which, curiously enough, 

 he had already applied to a previous group in the Brachycera. The 

 Orthocera he subdivided into the Oligoneura, which comprised the 

 Muscoid Diptera; and the Polyneura, comprising the families Svrphi- 

 da\ Conopida?, Pipunculidre and Platypezidte. The family Lonchop- 

 teridre he could not locate in an}" of these groups. 



Osten Sacken, in 1878, adopted Brauer's two divisions, except that 

 he separated out the families Hippoboscida? and Nycteribida as a third 

 primar}" group. 



Van der Wulp, in 1877, adopted Brauer's two divisions, Init in 1806 

 he followed the classification proposed by Osten Sacken. 



Williston, in 1896, also adopted Brauer's two primary groups. 



In 1883 Brauer elaborated his previous classifications, divided the 

 ■Orthorhapha into the Nemocera and Brachycera as limited by Schiner. 

 subdivided the first into three tribes, the second containing the family 

 OecidomyidaB, the third tribe composed of two subfamilies of the 

 Tipulida?, the other subfamily, together with the remaining eight 

 families, forming the first tribe. The Brachjx-era he also divided into 

 three tribes, the first composed of the famih" Lonchopterida?, which 

 he placed between the families Tipulidte and Stratiomyidfv, the third 

 tribe formed of the families Empidre and Dolichopodida?. The 

 Cyclorhapha he divided into two sections, the first of which was sub- 

 divided into two tribes, containing the Syrphidaj and Pipunculidt\3 in 

 one, and the Phorida? and Platypezidtij in the other; the second section 

 also contained two tribes, the first divided into the Calyptrata as one 

 group, the Acalyptrata and the family Conopidtv forming another: 

 the second tribe comprised the families Hippoboscida? and N^'cteribida?. 



These various attempts at classifying the Diptera into natural groups 



