BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315 



forehead), orange or orange-yellow/ the under parts smiilar, but 

 rather paler or more yellowish orange posteriori}^; ruuip and upper 

 tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow, more or less (often strongly) 

 tinged with olive; lesser wing-coverts partly black, partl}^ (next to 

 bend and anterior border) orange; exposed portion of middle and 

 greater coverts white, forming a large patch; rest of wings, including 

 greater portion of inner wel)s of greater coverts, ])lack, the secondaries 

 (except at base of five or six outermost) broadly, the primaries more 

 narrowl}', edged with white; middle pair of rectrices black, except at 

 base; next pair mostly black; remaining rectrices orange-}^ ellow, with 

 more or less of l^lack or dusky at tips (sometimes also on subbasal por- 

 tion of inner webs); maxilla black, mandil)le bluish; iris brown; legs 

 and feet dusky horn color in dried skins. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to the summer male, but scapulars 

 and interscapulars margined with grayish, feathers of under parts 

 faintly margined with whitish, and those of rump and upper tail-coverts 

 tipped with light grayish. 



Adult female.- — Pileum and hindneck yellowish olive, becoming 

 gra3^er posteriorly; back, scapulars, and rump olive-grayish, the ]>ack 

 sometimes narrowly or indistinctly streaked with dusky; upper tail- 

 coverts and tail olivaceous saffron yellow, or wax yellow, rather 

 brighter on edges of the rectrices; sides of head (including superciliary 

 stripe), sides of neck, and chest (sometimes most of throat also — more 

 rarely most of under parts) saffron yellowish or dull orange-yellow; 

 chin and median line of throat more whitish, sometimes blotched with 

 black (chin and median line of throat rarely solid black?); rest of under 

 parts dull buff'y whitish, the sides and flanks tinged with pale olive- 

 grayish, and breast (sometimes a))domen also) tinged with yellow; anal 

 region and under tail-coverts more yellowish, sometimes distinctly 

 yellow; wings dusk}", the middle coverts broadly tipped with white, 

 forming a distinct band, the greater coverts and remiges edged with 

 white or grayish white. 



Immature male {second year). — Similar to the adult female, but chin 

 and median line of throat solid black, the lores also black, and size 

 slightly larger. 



Young male., first plmnage. — Similar to adult female, ])ut throat 

 entirely yellowish, wing-markings more buff'y whitish, and plumage in 

 general more or less suffused with buffy, especially the under parts. 



Young female., fii'stjplumage. — Similar to the young male, but slightly 

 paler. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 171.5-193 (180.3); wing, 97-102.4 

 (99.8); tail, 75.7-81.8 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.6 (18.5); depth 



^ Varying from almost lemon yellow to deeper than cadmium orange, the average 

 hue about the "orange" of my "Nomenclature of Colors." 



