BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 723 



external structure, certainly not enough to warrant their generic sepa- 

 ration. The type species, S. ruticilla, has the outermost (ninth) pri- 

 mary sometimes equal to or longer than the sixth, sometimes shorter; 

 in A'. j>icfa it is much shorter, or only a little longer than the fifth, 

 the eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries being nearh^ equal and long- 

 est, while in X t'HtielUa the ninth, eighth, and seventh are sometimes, 

 iKit not always, all longer than the sixth. In S. jjlcta the bill is rela- 

 tively smaller and the rictal bristles relatively somewhat shorter; the 

 rectrices are obtusely roimded at tips, and the sexes are alike in 

 coloration; whereas in S/ ruticilla the bill and rictal bristles are 

 slightly more developed, the rectrices are subaciuiiinate at tips, and 

 the sexes very ditfe rent in color. ^ 



KEY To THE SI>ECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SETOPHAGA. 



a. Head, neck, and ujjper parts black. 



b. The black glossy; under parts partly red, orange, yellow. 

 c. Basal half or more of secondaries and lateral rectrices pale orange or yellow; 

 middle and greater wing-coverts black; sides of breast orange or yellow; 

 axillars and under wing-coverts orange or yellow; median portion of breast 

 and abdomen white. (Temperate North America, except parts of south- 

 western portions; West Indies and through Central America to northern 



South America in winter. ) Setophaga ruticilla, adult male ( p. 724 ) 



cc. Secondaries wholly black or with white edges; lateral rectrices largely white; 

 middle and greater wing-coverts white; sides of breast black; axillars and 

 under wing-coverts white; median portion of breast and abdomen vermilion 

 red. 

 d. Third rectrix with greater part of its outer web and a large portion of the 

 inner web (at end) white. (Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Ari- 

 zona, etc. ) Setophaga picta picta, adult male and female (p. 728) 



dd. Third rectrix with outer we)» entirely black, the inner web with little if 

 any white. (Highlands of (Guatemala and Chiapas. ) 



Setophaga picta guatemalae, adult male and female (j). 729) 

 hb. The tjlack without gloss, more sooty; under parts dusky grayish or sooty, with- 

 out red, orange, or yellow. 

 c. Third rectrix with more white (as in " d" above). 



Setophaga picta picta, young (ji. 728) 

 cc. Third rectrix with little if any white (as in "rM" al)ove). 



Setophaga picta guatemalae, young (p. 729) 

 aa. Head grayish (paler, almost white, on throat) ; rest of upper parts olive or olive- 

 grayish (tail blackish or dusky), the basal portion of secondaries and lateral 

 rectrices pale yellow. 



Setophaga ruticilla, adult female and young male (pp. 724, 725) 



^ For at least the first year, the male of S. ruticilla resembles the adult female in 

 coloration, two years, or more, being required to complete the full adult livery. In 

 6'. picta, on the other hand, both sexes molt, in the first autumn, directly from the 

 sooty nestling plumatre (without red on under parts) into the adult dress. 



