BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 



angle very prominent; maxillary tomium genth' concave basallj'-, 

 strongly so terminally; mandibular tomium decidedh' angulated pos- 

 terior to the middle, but the angle not toothed; nasal plumules con- 

 spicuous, quite hiding the nostrils; wing- long (about five times as 

 long as the tarsus), rather pointed (four outermost primaries longest, 

 the ninth decidedly longer than the fifth) ; primaries exceeding second- 

 aries by more than Ih times the length of the tarsus but less than half 

 the length of the tail; tail long (shorter than wing by only about half 

 the length of the tarsus), emarginated; tarsus short, less than twice 

 as long as exposed culmen, nearly as long as middle toe with claw; 

 anterior claws very slightly curved, the lateral ones reaching be}' ond 

 base of middle claw; hallux shorter than the lateral toes, but much 

 stouter, the rather weak claw decidedly shorter than its digit. 



Coloration. — Adult males: General color dull rose pink or madder 

 pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash gray 

 on scapulars, flanks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage every- 

 where being of this color beneath the surface; scapulars and feathers 

 of back dusky centrally, causing a spotted appearance; wings and tail 

 dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white (this 

 sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same; 

 secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers narrowly edged with light 

 grayish. Adult females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest 

 of plumage grayish, without an}" red, but changing to a more or less 

 bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower rump, the breast sometimes 

 tinged with same. Young similar to adult female, but colors duller 

 and more blended, the wing-bands dull bufly instead of pure white, 

 and texture of plumage very difierent. 



[Note. — Numerous apparently adult males have the plumage not 

 distinguishable from that of the female; in others, the general plumage 

 is that of the female, except that the olivaceous or tawny color on 

 head, etc. , is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying from light dull 

 orange-red to deep madder brown).] 



Range. — More northern parts of Palffiarctic and Nearctic regions 

 (including Boreal "islands" southward). 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND^ SUBSPECIES OP PINICOLA. 



o. General color of wings and tail grayish brown. 



h. General color of head, neck, and body red (adult males). 

 c. Smaller, except the bill (wing averaging 107.19, tail 81.03, exposed culmen 

 . 16.00, width of mandible at base 9.40, tarsus 21.34). ^ (Europe, etc.) 



Pinicola enucleator enucleator, adult male.^ 



^ These average measurements include both sexes. 



2[ioxi'a] emickafor Lixn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 171, part (based primarily 

 on Fauna Suecica, 176) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 299, vart—PmicoJa enucleator Cabanis, in 

 Ersch. u. Gruber's Encycl., 1st. sec, i, 1849, 219; Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 167. Of the 

 American forms this resembles most closely the Alaskan coast subspecies (P. e.flam- 

 mula), but is duller colored, the female more olive. 



