BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 



F.[ringilla] cardueUs Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 371. 



[Fringilla'] carduelis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 80, no. 7171. 



Emberiza carduelis Scopoli, Ann., i, 1769, 144. 



Acanthis carduelis Bechsteix, Naturg. Deutschl., 2d ed., ii, 1807, 199. 



Passer carduelis VAhhAf^, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., ii, 1826, 15. 



Spinus carduelis Kocn, Syst. baier. ZooL, 1816, 233. 



Carduelis carduelis Schaffee, Orn. Mus.,1789, 23. — Boie, Isis, 1822,554. — Lich- 

 TExsTEix, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 46. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 

 xii, 1888, 185, part (excl. syn. Carduelis major Taczanowski, Fringilla ulhigu- 

 laris Madarasz, etc.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 abridged ed., 1889, p. 71. — Churchill, Auk, viii, 1891, 314 (Worcester, 

 Masi?acliusetts, breeding). — Howe, Auk, xii, 1895, 182 (Brookline, Massa-< 

 chusetts, 1 spec. May, 1892). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 65. 



C.[arduelis'] carduelis RidctWay, Man. X. Am. Birds, 1887, 401. 



Carduelis elegans Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 30. — Gould, Birds 

 Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 196; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pi. 36.— Macgillivray, 

 Brit. Birds, 1, 1837, 393.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33.— 

 Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 279. — Loche, Expl .Sci. Alg^r. Ois., 

 i, 1867, 154.— Heuglin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., i, 1870, 640.— Salvadori, Faun. Ital. 

 Ucc, 1871, 154. — Shelley, Birds Egypt, 1872, 152. — Newton, ed. Yarrell's 

 Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 117.— Dresser, Hist. Birds Europe, iii, 1877, 527, 

 pi. 116.— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Chib, v, 1880, 120 (e. Massachusetts; 

 introduced) .—Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., iv, 1881, 342 (introduced 

 at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1872-74). — British Ornithologists' L^xion, List Brit. 

 Birds, 1883, 47. — Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 64. — Giglioli, 

 Avifauna Ital., 1886, 30.— Adney, Auk, iii, 1886, 409 (breeding in Central 

 Park, New York City, etc.). — Brodie, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Toronto, Ontario, 

 May 21, 1887, 4 specimens).— Verrill, Auk, x, 1892, 301 (New Haven, Con- 

 necticut, 1 spec. May 9, 1892).— Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (Cuba; 

 introduced) . 



C.\_arduelis'] elegans Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 518. 



Cardueles elegans Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba). 



Chrysomitris elegans Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 271 (near Boston, 

 Massachusetts, 1 spec, spring 1878). 



Carduelis septentrionalis Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 288. 



Carduelis germanica Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 289. 



Carduelis aurata Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 20. 



Carduelis communis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xiv, 1845, 554. 



Carduelis accedens Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 



' ' irduelis meridionalis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 



<J<irduelis aurantiipennis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 



Carduelis vidgaris Doderlein, Avifaun. Sicil., 1869, 81. 



Genus SPINUS Koch. 



Spinus^ Koch, Bayr. Zool., 1816, 233. (Type, by elimination, Fringilla spinus 



Linnfeus. ) (See Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 360.) 

 Chrysomitris Boie, Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, Fringilla spinus Linnaeus. ) 

 Hypacanthis'^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161. (Type, Carduelis spinoides 



Vigors.) 

 Pyrrhomitris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Sept. 15, 1850, 517. (Type, Carduelis 



cucullata Swainson. ) 



^ "^TTzVo?, 6, the name of a small bird, as given by Aristophanes." (Stejneger.) 

 ^ "Von VTto und dKav^i(;, ido<;, ?) Distelfink." 



