BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 273 



d. Larger and paler, the wings usually with two white bands and three outer- 

 most rec'trices wholly white, or with only a trace of dusky on the third; 

 wing not less than 81.03, averaging 86.11. (Colorado, Wyoming, western 

 North Dakota, etc., straggling in winter to Indian Territory, middle 



Kansas, etc.) - . Junco aikeni ( p. 277) 



dd. )Smaller and darker, the wing usually without any white and the third 

 rectrix largely dusky; wing not more than 82.30, averaging 77.22. 

 <'. Upper anterior portion of head appreciably darker than color of l>ack and 

 chest; bill light pink or lilaceous-white in life; wing of adult male 

 averaging 79.25, tail 66.55, tarsus 21.08. (North America in general, 

 more rare in western portions of United States, breeding from mountains 

 of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, Ontario, northern ^linnesota, etc., 



northwai'd. ) Junco hyemalis hyemalis (p. 278) 



ee. Upper anterior portion of head not darker than color of back and chest; 

 bill bluisli horn color in life; wing of adult male averaging 80.26, tail 

 70.36, tarsus 21.84. (Southern Alleghenies, north to Virginia and West 



Virginia. ) Junco hyemalis carolinensis (p. 282) 



". Back different in color from pileum and hindneck (more brown or rusty). 

 d. Sides and flanks pinkish, vinaceous-cinnamon, or cinnamon-buff. ' 



e. Head, neck, and chest black (throat sometimes inclining to dark slate 

 color). 

 /. Back darker (chestnut brown to brownish mouse gray). 



g. Back more reddish lirown ( chestnut-brown to warm sepia) . (Pacific 

 coast district, breeding in southern Alaska. ) 



Junco oreganus oreganus, adult male (p. 283) 

 gg. Back more grayish brown (sepia to l)rownish mouse gray). (Inte- 

 rior of northern British Columbia, southern British Columbia, 

 Washington, and northern Oregon in summer; nearly all of 

 United States west of the Mississippi in winter. ) 



Junco oreganus shufeldti, adult male (p. 285) 

 ff. Back i>aler (dull cinnamon-rufous to l>roccoli brown or drab). 



g. Throat and chest black or slate-black; wing and tail longer (averaging 

 77.98 and 65.28), but bill shorter (exposed culmen averaging 10.67). 

 (California, western Nevada, and southern Oregon, breeding on 

 high mountains; casual in Arizona in winter. ) 



Junco oreganus thurberi, adult male (p. 287) 

 gg. Throat and chest dull blackish slate or slate color; wing and tail 

 shorter (averaging 70.87 and 61.47), but bill longer (exposed cul- 

 men averaging 10.92). (Point Pinos, near Monterey, southern 

 coast district of California. ) 



Junco oreganus pinosus, aduh male (p. 288) 

 ee. Head, neck, and chest grayish, or mainly grayish. 



f. Pileum and hindneck gray ( rarely, in ./. nwntnnux, approaching black 

 on forehead) . 

 g. Throat and chest slate-grav to almost slate color; sides and fianks 

 vinaceous-cinnamon; mandible pinkish in life; iris brown or jmr- 

 plish. 

 h. Maxilla pale pinkish, like mandible; exposed culmen not more 

 than 11.94, usually much less. 

 I. Wing not less than 71.12. 

 j. Back decidedly brown (not grayer than broccoli brown or 

 drab), conspicuously different from gray of head, neck, and 

 chest. 



17024—01 18 



