BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 403 



compact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus usually decidedly longei than 

 middle toe with claw (decidedly shorter in 1\ fmcus and its sul)- 

 species). its scutella distinct; lateral claws reaching- decidedly beyond 

 base of middle claw {P. tnrquatus, P. macronya.\ and their allies), or 

 the inner claw barely reaching base of middle claw and the outer fall- 

 ing short of it (in P. fuscus and its subspecies, other species being- 

 intermediate) ; hind claw equal to or longer than its digit (or shorter 

 in P. crissol!)< only). 



Coloration. — The rather numerous species of this genus exhibit two 

 yery different types of coloration, as follows: 



Group I. Chest black or brown, in yer}' sharp contrast with white 

 breast and belly, the sides and flanks grayish brown, fulyous. or 

 chestnut-tawny; upper parts black, brown, or oliye-green. 



Group 11. Chest neither black nor brown, or else if the latter the 

 breast of the same color (light grajdsh brown or wood brown); upper 

 parts plain ])rownish gray or light brown. 



Range. — Temperate North America and south through Mexico to 

 highlands of Guatemala. 



KEY TO THE (SPECIES AXl) Sl'BSPECIE.S OF PIPILO. 



a. Chest uniform Itlack or brown, or crossed Vjv a broad band of l)lack, sharply 

 defined against white of ])reast. 

 h. Upper parts at least partly olive-green; edge of wing yellow, 

 c. Chin and throat white. 



d. White superciliary stripe distinct; black jugular collar narroM'er. (Moun- 

 tains of southeastern INIexico. ) 



Fipilo torquatus torquatus, male and female (p. 406) 

 M. "White superciliary stripe indistinct or obsolete; Ijlack jugular collar 

 broader. (Mountains of southwestern Mexico.) 



Pipilo torquatus alticola, male and female (p. 408) 

 cc. Chin and throat black like chest, or else throat with merely a white spot. 

 d. Sides and flanks dull cinnamon-brown or olive. (State of Michoacan, 



southwestern Mexico.) Pipilo nigrescens, male and female (p. 408) 



dd. Sides and flanks tawny or cinnamon-rufous. 

 e. Back and scapulars streaked with blackish and pale yellow. (South- 

 eastern portion of Mexican plateau. ) 



Pipilo macronyx macronyx, male and female (p. 409) 

 ee. Back and scapulars plain olive-green. (Southwestern portion of Mexi- 

 can ijlateau. ) Pipilo macronyx virescens, male and female (p. 410) 



hh. Upper parts without olive-green; edge of wing white, 

 c. Head, neck, and chest black. 



(7. Scapulars and wing-coverts varied with white streaks or spots. 



e. Back olive, streaked with black; rump olive-brownish. (Mexican plateau 

 south to highlands of Guatemala. ) 



Pipilo maculatus maculatus, male (p. 410) 

 ee. Back black, sometimes streaked with olive-grayish; rump olive-grayish 

 or black. 

 /. White markings larger, the spot on outermost tail-feather averaging 

 more than 25.40 in length. 



