BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 633 



carneus approaches the South American C. j^^^fvnieens^ notably in the 

 shape of the bill, its long, stiff crest-feathers, the light-reddish rump 

 of the male, and absence of red on the outer surface of the wing in 

 the female. C. jyhceniceus^ however, as might be expected from its 

 isolation, is very distinct indeed from all the rest. With a general 

 resemblance to 6. cardinalh (including its various forms) and C. 

 carnens^ the bill, in both sexes, is grayish instead of bright red; the 

 black capistrum is far less extensive, being restricted to the chin; and 

 the female has the under wing-coverts pale buffy instead of bright 

 pinkish red. The form of the bill is also quite different, being almost 

 intermediate l)etween that of C. cardinalis and that of PyrrJiuloxia 

 sinuata. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CARDINALIS. 



a. General color red. (Adult males. ) 



b. Rump and upper tail-coverts not distinctly lighter in color than back. 

 c. Crest much duller red than breast. 



(/. Larger (averaging, wing more than 80.01, tail 104.14 or more); colors lighter. 

 e. Re<l color averaging less intense, and black across forehead broader; back 

 with more olive-grayi.sh edgings. (Eastern United States.) 



Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, male (p. 635) 



ee. Red color averaging more intense, and Ijlack across forehead narrower; 



back with more ashy gray edgings. (Texas to states of Hidalgo and 



San Luis Potosi, Mexico. ) .Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudns, male (p. 639) 



(Id. Smaller (averaging, wing not more than 90.17, tail less than 99.06); colors 



darker. (Florida.) Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus, male (p. 641) 



cc. Crest little, if any, duller red than l)reast. 



d. Back rich brownish red, without distinct grayisii edgings at any season. 

 e. Breast, etc., rich vermilion red. 

 /. Larger (averaging, wing not less than 86.87, tarsus 2.').91, middle toe 

 17.27). 

 g. Lighter in color; tail averaging longer and bill relatively longer; 

 wing 86.87, tail 101.60, culmen (from base) 20.83, depth of bill 

 at base 16.26, width of mandible at base 13.21, tarsus 26.16. 

 (Temperate zone. Vera Cruz and Oaxaca. ) 



Cardinalis cardinalis coccinens, male (p. 642) 

 gg. Darker; tail averaging shorter and bill relatively shorter and thicker; 

 wing 87.12, tail 93.98, culmen (from base) 19.56, depth of bill at 

 base 17.27, width of mandible at base 12.45, tarsus 25.91. (Island 

 of Cozumel, Yucatan. ). Cardinalis cardinalis saturatus, male (p. 645) 

 ff. Smaller (averaging, wing 83.82, tarsus 24.64, middle toe 16.51). (Col- 

 ors of C. c. coccint'iis, but averaging rather lighter.) (Yucatan; 

 British Honduras?). ..Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus, male (p. 644) 

 ee. Breast, etc., pure carmine red. (Coast of southern Vera Cruz. ) 



Cardinalis cardinalis littoralis, male (p. 643) 

 dd. Back lighter and duller brownish red, or grayish red, with conspicuous 

 grayish edgings, except in worn midsummer plumage. 

 e. Larger (averaging, wing 101.85, tail 122.43). (Arizona and northern 

 Sonora and Chihuahua.) ...Cardinalis cardinalis superbus, male (p. 645) 

 ee. Smaller (averaging, wing less than 95.25, tail less than 107.95). 

 /. With longer tail and smaller feet (tail averaging more than 101.60, 

 tarsus averaging less than 26.67). 



