Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 2881 



^j>. Scales not as above. 

 q. Anal fin much longer than dorsal; body much compressed, the 



belly prominent. 

 r. Dorsal spines none; scales cycloid. .CXI, Bathyclupeid.e, 834. 

 rr. Dorsal spines few, graduated; anal spines 3. 



CXXXIX, PEMPHERIDIDyK, 977. 



q([. Anal fin not much, if any, longer than dorsal. 

 s. PseudobrauchiiP wanting or covered by skin. 

 t. Dorsal fin of soft rays, only beginning as a crest on the head; 

 caudal Avidely forked. Pelagic fishes. 



CXXIX, OORYPH/ENID.E, 951. 



ti. Dorsal fin with spines anteriorly, not beginning on the head. 



Fresh-water fishes. 

 M. Anal spines 3 to 10. 

 V. Dorsal spines 6 to 12 ; lateral line well developed. 



CXLI, Centrarchid^, 984. 

 vv. Dorsal spines-about 4 ; no lateral line ; length less than 2 inches. 



CXL, Elassomatid.e, 981. 

 uu. Anal spines 1 or 2; body oblong or elongate; length less than 8 



inches CXLIII, Percid^, 1015. 



%s. Psendobranchiie developed. 



w. Spinous dorsal of 2 or 3 short spines only; anal without spines; 



scales small, smooth CXLVI, Serkanid.e, 1126. 



vow. Spinous dorsal, if present, not as above. 

 X. Opercle ending in a long scaly fiap; snout depressed, spatulate; 

 mouth very large, the lower jaw projecting. 



CXCIV, CHyENlCHTHYID^, 2293. 



XX. Opercle not ending in a long scaly flap; snout not greatly de- 

 pressed. 

 1/. Pectoral fin broad, its lower ravs thickened and not l)ranched. 



CLVI, CiRRiriTiD.E, 1490. 



, yy. Pectoral rather narrow at base, its lower rays branched, like the 



others. 



z. Dorsal fin continuous, the spines few, slender; maxillary usually 



with an enlarged tooth behind ; nape sometimes with an 



adipose appendage; anal fin long, even. 



CXC, Malacanthid.e, 2274. 

 zz. Di>rsal fin continuous or divided, not as above. 

 a. Perch-like fishes, the caudal jieduncle not very slender, the scales 

 well developed, ctenoid or cycloid; the dorsal with dis- 

 tinct spines; the anal with at least 1 spine, its soft 

 rays usually few. 

 &. Maxillary not sheathed by the preorbital, or only partially cov- 

 ered by the edge of the latter; ventral with its accessory 

 scale very small or wanting; pectoral without accessory 

 scale; sheath at base of spinous dorsal little developed; 

 vomer usually with teeth; opercle usually ending in a 

 spine. 



c. Precaudal vertebra- with transverse processes from the third or 



fourth to the last; ribs all but the last 1 to 4 sessile, 

 inserted on the centra behind the transverse processes; 

 anal spines 3; species silvery In color, the dorsal deeply 

 notched, with 10 spines; vertebne 10 + 15 = 25. 



(JXLII, KUHLIID.E, 1013. 



cc. Precaudal vertebne normal, anteriorly without transverse pro- 

 cesses ; all or most of the ribs inserted on the transverse 

 processes when these are developed. 



d. Anal spines 2 or 1 ; pseud obranchia- small; preopercle with a 



hook-like spine below; vertebra? increased in number (30 



to 46). Fresh-water fishes CXLIII, Percid.e, 1015. 



M. Anal spines 2, rarely 3; vertebra- 24 or 25; dorsal tin divided. 

 Marine fishes CXLIV, Cheilodipterid/E, 1105. 



