50 WM. H. ASHMEAD. 



(1) Apidse Europsese per genera, species et varietates dispositss atque de- 

 scriptse a Dr. H. L. O. Schruiedeknecht. 1882-86. 



(2) Die Bienen Europa's (Apidse Europsese) nach ihren Gattungen, Arten 

 und Varietaten auf vergleichentl morphologisch-biologischer Grundlage bear- 

 beitet von Heiurich Friese, 1895-97. 



These books are most valuable and ought to be in the hands of 

 all students who contemplate taking up the study of the bees. I 

 have found them almost invaluable in my studies on the structure 

 and affinities of this large complex group of insects. 



It will also be observed that I have drawn quite largely upon 

 Schmiedeknecht's work for ideas on the classification of these insects. 

 In fact, minus a few slight changes, I have followed his ideas in 

 extenso, as regards families, as may be readily seen by a comparison 

 of my arrangement with his. 



Dr. Schmiedeknecht, after giving an excellent historical review 

 and resume of the various schemes proposed for classifying these 

 insects, during the past century or more, on page 11 * of his work, 

 proposed the following arrangement: — 



Section I. — Apidse sociales. 



Section II. — Apidse solitarise, constructing cells. 



Section III. — Apidse parasitica?. 



Section I. 

 This section he has divided into two distinct families — A and B. 



A. — Fam. I. Apidse sens. str. Permanently social. — Apis. 

 B. — Fam. II. Bonibidse. Social but once a year. — Bombus. 



Section II. 

 In this section Schmiedeknecht distinguishes three principal groups : 



A. — Podilegidse (Scopulipedes, leg collectors). 



a. Orurilegidse (Tibia collectors). 



b. Femorilegidse 'Femur collectors). 



B. — Gastrilegidse ( Dasygastrse, belly collectors). 



G. — Pseudoparasitse, i.e., not furnished with au apparatus for collecting pollen, 

 but yet not living parasitically. 



Aa, — contains two families : 



Fam. III. Anthophoridse. — Anthophora, Habropoda, Sarapoda, Mucrocera, 



Plistotrichia, Eucera, Melitnrga, Systropha. 

 Fam. IV. Melittidse. — Cilissa, Macropis. 

 Ab, — contains three families: 



Fam. V. Xylocopidse. — Xylocopa, Ceratina. 



Fam. VI. Panurgidse. — Panurgns, Dasypothi, Panurginus, Camptobceum, Du- 



foarea, Biareolina, Rhophites, Rhophitoides, Halictoides. 

 Fam. VII. Andrenidse. — Andrena, Colletes, Nomia, Nomiodes. 



