ABT.30 DESIGN AKEAS IN OCEANIA KRIEGEE 43 



from the Negrito upward. The civilized tribes, the Visayans, of 

 Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, and others occupy the central islands, while the 

 Tagalog, Ilocano, and Bicol are representative of Luzon. More typi- 

 cally Malayan are the " uncivilized " Manobo, Mandayan, Subanun, 

 and Bagobo of Mindanao, the Bukidnon of Mindanao and the central 

 islands, the Tagbanua and Batak of Palawan, the Bontok, Ilongot, 

 and Ifugao of Luzon. 



Several types of culture influence have been dominant in the 

 Philippine Islands. The late Christian influence, which began with 

 Legazpi and his conquest of the Philippines in 1564, is character- 

 ized by a Catholic education. The widespread influence of the 

 Christian doctrine provided a widely diffused veneer of European 

 culture. Mohammedanism had been introduced in Mindanao ap- 

 proximately in 1380, and spread rapidly to northern parts of the 

 archipelago. A Mohammedan settlement was established at the 

 present site of Manila, but yielded to Legazpi in 1571. Mohammedan 

 designs are noticeable in the southern islands, particularly in Jolo 

 and in the large island of Mindanao. 



Back still further we find a direct influence from India. This may 

 be seen in certain religious design motives engrafted on purely 

 Malay customs. Tavera has traced the survival of himdreds of 

 Sanskrit words. Perhaps the art of metal work as it is still practiced 

 in Luzon, where iron is predominant, and in Mindanao where, as 

 in Borneo, brass work has been developed, shows Indian influence 

 to have penetrated Malayan culture much more deeply than have 

 the comparatively recent Mohammedan and Christian intrusive 

 religions. 



Still another influence must be reckoned with in considering Malay 

 art, and that is the Chinese. The Chinese have traditions that they 

 visited the Philippines as early as the ninth century, and from the 

 thirteenth century on their records show trade with the Philippines 

 and with Borneo. Chief among these trade articles were Chinese 

 pottery, brass gongs, and bronzes, weapons and art works, and a vast 

 array of more material objects. Chinese influence was limited to 

 such trade goods and there is no trace of a social or institutional 

 influence, although China is much nearer the archipelago than is 

 India. Back of these influences from without, of course, is that of 

 native Malaysian culture. 



In art designs the Filipino has drawn widely on environmental 

 plant forms and animal life, beautifully executed leaf and floral 

 patterns in wood carving or in cast and filigree metal work, which 

 appear with inlay of soft metal in color. The pineapple design, 

 wayang and anito figurines, and carved zoomorphic dog and leech 

 motives are characteristic of those tribes uninfluenced by Christi- 



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