171 Norway and in Canada. 5 



form in wliich it occurs deviates more or less from that of layers 

 or beds. A remarkable instance of this is described by Keilhau, 

 as occurring near Norefield. There he saw a mass of granite, 

 which on the whole, was gneissoid and bedded, gradually change 

 at a certain place into a perfect granite, and then, in complete 

 uninterrupted continuity, pierce the rock in the form of a dyke. 

 Another instance is mentioned of a granite rock occurring in the 

 schistose rocks, " partly in very regular layers, partly as isolated 

 knolls and lumps, and partly asamultitudeof veins; which in several 

 places run through large portions of the neighbouring mountain 

 as a close net-work." In spite of this however, this granitic rock 

 showed in many places, a gneissoid structure. The relations of 

 the hornblende schists and greenstones resemble those of the 

 granite. The hornblende schist is regularly interstratilied with 

 the gneiss, mica schist and other rocks. Where its texture be- 

 comes less slaty, the layers or zones are not so continuous, but 

 form, in the direction of the strike, elongated nuclei, which, with 

 their hard masses, often stand out from the general surface^ and 

 thus form well distinguished peaks, such as Johnsknuden near 

 Kongsberg, and Fagerlidknatten south-east in Nedenses, In- 

 stances of crystalline amphibolites cutting the strata, occur 

 in the most northern gneiss district, but these appear to have been 

 formed much later than the gneiss. Mention is also made of a 

 diorite, or feldspathic hornblende rock, occurring in veins in a 

 granular mixture of quartz, feldspar and garnet, which latter rock 

 appeared to form a transition into the gneiss. 



One of the most striking features seen in the structure of 

 this group of rocks, is the foldings and contortions, which the 

 strata exhibit in all the divisions of the group. This is observed 

 as well where no granitic masses are seen, as in the neigh- 

 bourhood of sucL On the high road from Hougsund to Kongs- 

 berg, and shortly before reaching the latter place, the traveller 

 can observe, without dismounting, the most wonderful bends and 

 contortions in the structure of the gneissoid rocks occurring there. 

 Scheerer, in describing these contortions, compares them to the 

 windings figured upon marbled paper. Naumann, in remarking on 

 the same phenomena on the north-west coast, expresses him- 

 self as follows : " It is usually said of gneiss, that it is 

 always clearly and regularly stratified. This assumes thai the 

 parallelism of the masses, of not too great extent, has a relation 

 to one plane ; that the positions of the planes of structure 



