ART. 13 WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE EESEKVATION — HOUGH 13 



being built. Shard percentages are: Gray, 20; red, 10; polished 

 brown, 20; rugose, thick, 50. 



Opened up a room in northeast corner of great plaza. Not many 

 shards; soil pretty clean and in parts curiously stratified as though 

 deposited in water. Many well-squared building stones in the soil. 

 West wall crudely laid up. Large fragments of red ware and much 

 ashes on floor. Indications that the building was 4 or 5 stories at 

 the point. Percentages of pottery : Red, TO ; gray, 17 ; Gila, 4 ; brown, 

 9 ; with much rugose ware. 



Opened up a long wall of a large room in a high part of the west 

 pueblo. Masonry very good, stone faces seamed and cracked, one 

 stone with scorings. (See pi. 8.) This room probably ceremonial. 

 Another near-by room has a screen of loose stones added for par- 

 tition. In the room nine beaming tools of deer pelvis, many jaws 

 and other bones of deer, two large axes, and a painted circular stone 

 tablet were found. Pottery, red predominating. In the room were 

 two fireplaces, one boxed with slabs. 



ARTIFACTS 



Stone. — Stone artifacts are not plentiful at Grasshopper as the 

 ruin has for a number of years been near a trading post and the 

 Indians have gleaned the surface. The Apache still make bows, 

 arrows, and quivers, these salable articles bringing in some monetary 

 return. For this purpose arrowheads and flint flakes are picked up 

 sedulously and worked over to point the arrow shafts. On several 

 occasions the writer has watched Indians chip arrowheads, the chip- 

 ping now being performed with a knife blade. 



The debris here is sown with smooth gray chips of flint derived 

 from outcrops of beds in the limestone and excellent material for 

 the aboriginal lapidary. Arrowheads found are slender and well 

 made or gross and poorly made. The slender points are of the swal- 

 lowtail type. Rarely are nocks observed, indicating that the points 

 were set on the shafts with gum, a common practice still with the 

 Apache and of other tribes who lived in the region. Knives of 

 medium size; ovate, flat, thin scrapers; drills, some long and finely 

 chipped ; and some with spatulate finger grip, differ in slight degree 

 from those generally found in Pueblo sites. Pillow-shape rubbing 

 stones, metates, and manos are relatively frequent. Smoothing stones 

 or pottery polishers are found. One smoothing stone of jade green 

 translucent steatite, a material occurring in Oak Creek canyon, was 

 taken from an excavation. Grooved arrowshaft smoothing stones 

 are in the material found. Axes are of two sizes: A large wedge 

 shape with single interrupted groove 9% inches long, 214 inches 

 thick, 3 inches wide (24.5 cm. long and 9 cm. wide), weight 5 pounds, 



