AET. 13 WHITE MOUNTAIN" APACHE RESERVATION HOUGH 15 



tion pits show. As stated, no stratification evidence was found to 

 show that the ware was older than other types in the ruins. The 

 presumption is that the black on white came into the Grasshopper 

 complex as a remnant of the original wave from the San Juan and 

 was perpetuated by some surviving clan. The occurrence of the 

 black on white in localities far from the original seat forms an 

 interesting problem of distribution which must seriously be taken up 

 by the student. In general, the ware from its material and the 

 persistence of its designs affords a good basis for the study. It may 

 be remarked that the highest class of this ware has a pure kaolin 

 paste not requiring surface treatment with white. This class, on 

 account of geological environment as to clay, is rare in most parts 

 of the region. Where impure kaolinic clays occur without ochers 

 and burn to a dark gray, a wash of white was used and infrequently 

 red. Where black on white was to be produced with common clay 

 with ochers in their composition, a wash of white clay was needed. 

 In this way ware equivalent to the type black and white could be 

 made for customary tribal usage in any part of the Southwest. It is 

 evident that migrants from the black-on-white centers pursued this 

 course because of the persistence of the designs on inferior paste 

 found in various parts of the terrane. Black-on-white ware is par- 

 ticularly interesting in marking out the earliest migrations in the 

 Pueblo region. 



The geological environment is also responsible for the first ware 

 made in the Pueblo region, as shown by the collection of Doctor 

 Roberts from a late Basket Maker ^ in Chaco Canyon. This ware 

 is evidently the initial effort in the black on white series in which 

 the ground is generally undecorated as in a normal first stage in 

 ceramic technology. 



The forms of the ware at Grasshopper are large, flat-globose 

 water vessels, bowls with straight rims, and small pieces of various 

 forms. In general the designs show solid with hatched drawings 

 characteristic of the ware, but there are often modifications to be 

 expected from the distance from the source and local conditions. 

 In this respect there may be mentioned the conventional treatments 

 of plumage as squares with a spot in the middle or trapezoids with 

 the spot, the hourglass shape bird forms, and the inclusion of an eye 

 in the solid black design indicating an animal. In these instances 

 the design is less pure than that of northern specimens or even of 

 Forestdale and the upper Tularosa. An interesting specimen of 

 water jar, 14 inches (36 cm.) in diameter and 10 inches (25.5 cm.) 

 high, was recovered in fragmentary condition. The paste is homo- 

 geneous gray but has been slipped. The decoration is in geometric 



8 Bull. 92, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1929, pp. 108, 109. 



