AKT. 13 WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE EESEEVATION HOUGH 



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the adjoining smaller houses. The larger cemetery, if it exists, was 

 not found. The burials were at full length and not more than 40 

 inches deep. Only a few burials had mortuary offerings of pottery 

 or other objects. 



Dr. Ales Hrdlicka reports that the majority of the skulls are of 

 the oblong type like those coming from the Gila. This corroborates 

 the prevalence of Gila and other 

 southern pottery types in the culture 

 remains. 



Birds. — There is abundance of bird 

 life in the region. As noticed in re- 

 marks on mammals, the setting apart 

 of the reservation has aided in their 

 preservation. The birds generally 

 noted are jays, large wild pigeon, 

 plover, hawks, eagles, turkey, and 

 quail. Bones collected in the debris of 

 ruins and identified by Dr. A. Wet- 

 more are the ferruginous rough 

 legged hawk, Tinochis regalis., the red 

 tailed hawk, Buteo borealis, the tur- 

 key buzzard, and the raven, Corvus 

 corax. Turkey bones were plentiful, 

 but it is most probable that these 

 birds were preserved for their feath- 

 ers and not eaten. 



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DESCRIPTION OF RUINS 



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The location of the Grasshopper 

 sites was determined by the strong 

 and permanent spring, the basin-like 

 area in which water could be im- 

 pounded, the excellent land available 

 for cultivation, and the supply of 

 wood for fuel, together with the good 

 conditions for an abundance of game. 

 Beams and stone for building and 

 flint for various implements were also 

 factors of advantage. 



The Grasshopper ruins consist of a great house located near the 

 spring and water channel, and a number of sites of the groups more 

 or less distant. The great house is in two wards lying in compact 

 masses on either side of the rivulet called Salt River Draw. The 

 mounds are covered with squaw brush, and walnut, with here and 

 there a juniper and pine (pi. 1, h and c). The chief outstanding 



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FiGUBB 2. — Sketch of Individual Ruin 



