ART. u. HISTORY OF INVENTIONS HOUGH. 5 



No. 18. Hydrogen lamp. Hydrogen gas is made, to play upon spongy platinum, 

 causing it to glow, Germany, 1824 165,440 



No. 19. Match light box. Bottle of sulphuric acid, into which splints tipped 

 with chlorate of potash and sugar were dipped. Vienna, 1809 151,711 



No. 20. Matches. Various kinds of phosphorus matches 178,156 



No. 21. Electric gas lighter. Cylinder containing a small dynamo run by pres- 

 sure of the finger, producing sparks between the points at the upper 

 end of the tube. United States, 1882 200,512 



PRIMITIVE FIRE MAKING. 



Plate 3. 



California Indian making fre hy friction. — California Indian 

 man, dressed in native costume, in the act of procuring fire by means 

 of the fire drill. The heat generated by the friction of the wood 

 is communicated to the dust ground off during the operation, caus- 

 ing it to ignite. This process is, perhaps, the earliest method of 

 procuring fire by artificial means. Hupa, Athabascan stock, Cali- 

 fornia. 



SERIES 2.^TORCH AND CANDLE. 



Plate 4. 



This series epitomizes the development of the candle, beginning 

 with rolled leaves, the burning of the fat bodies of fishes or birds, 

 and of faggots of resinous wood. Continuing, the series shows 

 torches consisting of rudely aggregated slivers of wood or sheets of 

 bark, torches of more careful manufacture, torches made of wax or 

 resin inclosed in palm leaf, forming an exterior wick, torches of 

 rope or cords soaked in wax or resin, the crude beginning of the 

 candle, and follows through formed candles, dipped candles, and 

 molded candles, terminating with the elegant art candles of the 

 present day. 



While the line of development has proceeded from the rude torch 

 to the candle the steps marked by the specimens in the series are sug- 

 gestive, embracing devices employed by many different peoples and 

 at divers times. Following the torch in the line of development 

 comes the lamp, which separates from the stem of the torch at a 

 period when oils and fats came to be used. This may have occurred 

 after the domestication of animals whose fat was available, at the 

 time of the discovery of mineral oils, or of the utilization of vege- 

 table oils, such as that of the olive and coconut. 



The history of the lamp is shown in series 3. 



No. 1. Folded palm leaf used as a torch. East Indies. 



No. 2. Stormy petrel, burned in the Orkney Islands for light 178,160 



No. 3. Candle fish in a split stick, burned for light. Alaska 178,161 



No. 4. Torch made of birch bark. Iroquois Indians 178,162 



No. 5. Torch made of splint fat-pine knots. Virginia 129,997 



