AHT. 9. HISTORY OF INVENTIONS HOUGH. 9 



Geographically, the ruder forks and knives are found in south- 

 eastern Asia and in the Pacific islands among peoples of a low state 

 of culture. The Indians of the Americas are not known to have 

 used forks of any kind, the fingers and spoons answering all pur- 

 poses. 



Among civilized nations the fork also developed from the skewer, 

 and forks of two tines appeared very late, while forks of three or 

 more tines are modern. 



No. 1. Simple stick suggestive of the fork for eating marrow from a bone, South 



Dakota 151,494 



No. 2, Bamboo knife and fork. (Model.) Andaman Islands. 

 No. 3. Combination knife and fork. (Model.) Andaman Islands. 



No. 4. Chopsticks and knife. Japan and China 175,299 



No. 5. Knife and chopsticks in case. China 169,151 



No. 6. Combination fork and spoon, folding. Knife and spoon in one piece. 



Spain and Africa 167,017. 167,464 



No. 7. Fork and spoon in leather case. Switzerland 175,246 



No. 8. Knife and fork, old style. Germany 175,244 



SERIES 2. — SPOON. 



Plate 9. 



The history of the spoon begins with the introduction of methods 

 of cooking food by boiling and stewing. The spoon has always been 

 a utensil for conveying small portions of liquid food to the mouth, 

 larger spoons for stirring being variations. The series suggesting 

 the growth of the spoon begins with unmodified shells and rinds of 

 gourds and passes through spoons showing the development of the 

 handle to elaborately carved and ornamented specimens, closing with 

 spoons of metal. 



Although there has been a general development through successive 

 steps of progress connecting the earliest and simplest forms of the 

 spoon with the artistic productions of our higher civilization, the 

 spoons employed at a given stage of culture have an extremely wide 

 range of diversification, varying with environment. This series may 

 serve, however, to show the full range of forms of this utensil and 

 to suggest in a general way the course of development. 



No. 1. Unmodified shells used for spoons. Mexico and California, 



174,494, 131,163 

 No. 2. Modified shell and rind of gourd. New Guinea and British Guiana, 



73,369, 45,669 

 No. 3. Spoons with projections designed for grasping. Tortoise shell and sea 



shell. Utah and Florida 77,160, 14,475, 5,437 



No. 4. Spoons with worked-out short handles. Shell and horn. Tennessee and 

 Wyoming. Spoons with well-developed handles. Alaska, and Wyo- 

 ming 165,912, 32,053, 56,011, 165,893 



No. 5. Clamshell clamped in wooden handle. Alaska 168, 368 



