AET. 9. HISTORY OF INVENTIONS — HOUGH. 11 



the stem and bowl are differentiated. The series proceeds through 

 pipes with separate stems, ornamented and carved pipes, and ter- 

 minates with the modern meerschaum. 



It has been thought that the pipe was used for tobacco alone 

 and that it was invented in the area where the tobacco originated. 

 On the contrar}?^, examples have been found in Europe which ante- 

 date those of America, and it must be concluded that the pipe was 

 used in prehistoric times for smoking herbs other than tobacco, prob- 

 ably as a ceremony. 



After the discovery of the New "World the pipe, together with 

 the use of tobacco, spread with wonderful rapidity over the whole 

 earth. 



No. 1. Pipes made of straight boue tubes, slightly worked. Comanche and 

 Kiowa Indians 6,901, 6,902 



No. 2. Straight pipe of wood with stone bowl set in the end. California. 77,182 



No. 3. Curved pipes of clay and stone, with stem differentiated. Virginia, 

 England, Oregon, and Washington 165,458, 129,692, 720, 1,984 



No. 4. Pipes of stone, with bowl and stem separate. Pipe of catlinite inlaid 

 with metal (platform type) ; mound bird pipe. Mound builders. North 

 Carolina, and Plains Indians ^ 130,497, 131,326, 18,813 



No. 5. Pipes w'ith stem and bowl separate, Alaska, Labrador, and Japan_ 89,289, 



90,083, 4,035 



No. 6. Pipe of pottery. Human figure, seated. Africa 151,138 



No. 7. Pipe of carved wood inlaid with abalone shell ; mythological subjects. 

 Alaska 74,925, 74,924 



No. 8. Meerschaum pipe, silver mounted, with cover. Germany 130,652 



HISTORY OF TOOLS. 



This subject embraces the common hand tools which were used in 

 the more primitive periods. They serve as extensions of the hand 

 for definite purposes, and the motive power is the energy of human 

 muscles. They consist of cutting tools, as the jackknife (series 1), 

 the ax (series 2 and 3), the adz (series 4) ; pressure and abrading 

 tools, as the hammer (series 1), the saw (series 2), the drill (series 

 3), and the scraper (series 4). These eight series represent tools 

 which have had a profound effect on human history in its earlier 

 phases. They have come down into this age and have been given 

 vastly increased powers. They are still and will forever remain the 

 indispensable agencies which articulate the hand of man with ma- 

 terial nature. 



SERIES 1. — JACKKNIFE. 



Plate 12. 



Among industrial tools of general use there is a class for cutting, 

 commonly called " edge tools." These vary in structure, manner of 

 working, and results, and have received different names, such as 

 knives, chisels, axes, and so on. 



