14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 60. 



tools, generally known as celts, and it is these that present the closest 

 analogy with the ax or hatchet of Europe, shown in series 2. 



The first step in the series is a sharp-edged stone which is suited 

 for use in the hand. Next comes the notched ax, which is roughly 

 indented at the sides to facilitate hafting. Following are several 

 examples indicating progress in the method of hafting. The West 

 Indian and South American forms differ widely from the North 

 American; they lack the typical groove, besides presenting other 

 varieties of haft attachment features. The perforation seen in Nos. 

 12 and 13, although observed in many parts of America, was not in 

 general use. 



The order of development is not derived from any one people or 

 group of peoples, but in a general way corresponds, no doubt, with 

 the course of progress on the Eastern continent. 



The uses to which the ax and its associated tool, the celt, were 

 devoted cover a wide range of activities. 



No. 1. Stone ax made by splitting a flattish bowlder. Held in hand and used as 



a chopper. Seen in use among California Indians 139,793 



No. 2. Stone ax made from oval water-worn bowlder ; chipped from one side to 



a rude edge; held in the hand; possibly hafted. Virginia 1,073 



No. 3. Notched stone ax; fragment of rock chipped slightly on margins and 



notched for attachment of handle. Virginia 173,213 



No. 4. Grooved stone ax; water-worn pebble of trap rock partially pecked or 



battered into shape and then ground to an edge ; poll used as a hammer. 



Rhode Island 17,639 



No. 5. Grooved stone ax ; porphyry ; pecked into shape and then ground ; en- 

 circling groove with bordering ridges. Massachusetts 6,542 



No. 6. Ground stone ax ; fine-grained stone ; ground all over ; flat back ; groove 



bordering ridges. Ohio 29,014 



No.7. Grooved stone ax, two-edged; groove in middle, with bordering ridges; 



surface ground and part polished. Pennsylvania 2,352 



No. 8. Grooved stone ax ; blade nearly round ; ground all over ; groove near poll, 



encircling ridge above; pointed poll. Costa Rica 137,023 



No. 9. Stone ax, squarish outline; polished all over, with notches in edges for 



attachment to handle; poll hollowed to fit handle above 17,280 



No. 10. Stone ax ; semilunar blade, with tenon or stem for insertion in handle. 



Brazil 27,003 



No. 11. Copper ax with winged poll for attachment by cords to handle. Cuzco, 



Peru 195,554 



No. 12. Stone ax; water- worn pebble pecked and ground to edge; hole drilled 

 through center flatwise; poll squared and ground lengthwise for at- 

 tachment of handle by cords. Bolivia 27,087 



No. 13. Copper ax, chopping-knife form ; stem or poll perforated for attachment 

 of handle. Peru 146,073 



SEEIES 4. — ADZ. 



Plate 15. 



The adz had its beginnings in the same forms and the same group 

 of activities as the ax, the celt, and the scraper. Its differentiation 



